Genetic variant of cyclooxygenase-2 in gastric cancer: More inflammation and susceptibility

Table 2 Application of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in cancer

Drug	Cancer type	Effect(s)	Mechanism	Ref.
Celecoxib	Gastric	Inhibits tumor growth	Increases CD206 and activates macrophages	Thiel et al[46]
Aspirin	Gastric	Induces apoptosis; inhibits proliferation; inhibits angiogenesis	Acetylates the active site of COX-2;inhibits PG synthesis; activates caspase-8/Bid and caspase-3	Liu et al[57], and Niikura et al[78]
Oxadiazole 10c	Colon	Increases antitumor activity; increases sensitivity	Docked into the COX-2 bind site	El-Husseiny et al[79]
Celecoxib and platinum	Gastric	Prolong overall survival and progression-free survival	-	Guo et al[80]
Celecoxib and rapamycin	Gastric	Increase sensitivity	Inhibit PI3K/AKT pathway	Cao et al[81]
Celecoxib and FOLFOX4	Gastric	Inhibit angiogenesis	Down-regulate VEGF level	Tołoczko-Iwaniuk et al[82]
Celecoxib and erlotinib	Colorectal	Reduce angiogenesis; inhibit formation; inhibit expansion	Inhibit EGFR signaling	Roberts et al[83]
Celecoxib and Curcumin	Hepatocellular	Inhibit angiogenesis; inhibit proliferation; induce apoptosis	Inhibit Akt/NF-κB/PGE2/ROS pathway; inhibit COX-2/PGE2 pathway	Abdallah et al[84]
Sorafenib and meloxicam	Hepatocellular	Inhibit tumor cell growth; inhibit proliferation; enhance apoptosis	Activate endoplasmic reticulum stress; enhance the cytotoxicity	Zhong et al[85]
Ferrocene derivatives	Breast/cervical	Suppress tumor growth; increase antiproliferative activity; induce apoptosis	Increase the levels of cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species; reduce the level of PGE2	Ren et al[86], and Farzaneh et al[87]

COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; PGs: Prostaglandins; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; Akt (PKB): Protein kinase B; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; ROS (MDA): Reactive oxygen species measured as malondialdehyde.