Biomarkers in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: Are we closer to finding the golden ticket?

Table 5 Pancreatic Juice biomarkers implicated in the detection of pancreatic cancer

Type	Candidate marker
Protein	CA19-9[345-347,349], MIC-1[349], NGAL[349], CEA[347,348,350-352], AMYP[353], PRSS1[353], glycoprotein GP2-1[353], CCDC132[353], REG1A[353], REG1B[353], REG3A[353], LIPRP2[353], KL-6/MUC1[354], CPA5[355], inactive LIPRP1[355], KLK1[355], HBD[355], TTR[355], S100P[356], MMP-9[357], MMP-7[155], DJ-1[357] A1BG[357], PAP-1[358], AGR2[359], IL-8[360], Cathepsin E[361]
RNA	MiRNA: miR-21[362], miR-155[362] , miR-205[363], miR-210[363], miR-492[363], miR-1427[363]; mRNA: mesothelin[364]; Other: hTERT[365,366], telomerase activity[367-369]
Liquid biopsy	Exosomes: CEACAM1[371], CEACAM 5[371], tenascin C[371], MMP7[371], LAMB3[371], LAMC2[371], MUC1[372], MUC4[372], MUC5AC[372], MUC6[372], MUC16[372], CFTR[372], MDR1[372], ex-miR-21[373], ex-miR-155[373]; Methylated DNA: KRAS[374,377], ppENK[375,376], p16[375,376], Cyclin D2[376], FOXE1[376], NPTX2[376], TFPI2[376], CD1D[377], KCNK12[377], CLEC11A[377], NDRG4[377], IKZF1[377], PKRCB[377], MUC1[378], MUC2[378], MUC4[378]

MiRNA: MicroRNA; PRSS1: Trypsin-1; CPA5: Carboxypeptidase A5; KLK1: Kallikrein-1; HBD: Hemoglobin Subunit Delta; LAMB3: Laminin subunit beta-3; CFTR: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; MDR1: Multidrug resistance protein 1; KCNK12: Potassium channel, subfamily K, member 12; CLEC11A: C-Type lectin domain containing 11A; NDRG4: NDRG family member 4; IKZF1: Ikaros family zinc finger protein 1 gene; PKRCB: Protein kinase C beta; FOXE1: Forkhead Box E1; NPTX2: Neuronal pentraxin-2.