Biomarkers in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: Are we closer to finding the golden ticket?

Table 1 Serum protein biomarkers implicated in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer

Class	Candidate marker
Glycolipids and proteins	CA19-9[27,28,33-38,144,160,182,187,213,221], sTRA[39-41], CEA[43], CA125[47,48,50], CA242[55,53], Osteonectin[57], Osteopontin[58-61], DUPAN-2[65-70], LAMC2[73-75], ULBP2[78-80], sCD40L[82], LRG1[84], C4BPA[86], Cofilin-1[88], sgC1qR[91], Trypsinogen-2[92,93], DKK1[96], THBS-2[99-102], THBS-1[103], AGR2[108], REG1A[108], REGIII[108], REG1β[111], REG4[114-117], SYCN[108], LOXL2[108], PARK7/DJ-1[126], TTR[129,130], TTF1[134], TTF2[134], TTF3[134], GPNMB[138], PRX-1[139], TFPI[141], TIMP-1[144], MMP-9[144], IGFBP-1[146], IGFBP-2[147-149], IGFBP-3[147,149], MSLN[148,154], C5[152], MMP-7[155-157], cathepsin-D[156], MMP-12[157], OPG[160], Kisspeptin[165], Galectin[171], MUC16[48,182], MUC5AC[37,182], PAM4[187], HSP27[190,191], CAM17.1[192,193], Fuc-Hpt[194], SAA[196], APN/CD13[200], M2-PK[203,204], APOA2[206-208], APOC1[209], APOC2[210], APOE[211-212], ITIH[213], APOA1[213], APOL1[213]
Growth factors	TGF-B[215], VEGF[217], FGF-10/KGF-2[138], PDGF[220], TSGF[221]
Cytokines and chemokines	IP-10[220], IL-6[220,230-232], MIC-1/GDF15[227,228], IL-11[229], YKL-40[232,233], IL-8[230,234,235,237,241], IL-10[214], IL-1β[214], OSM[138], TNF-α[240-244], M-CSF[214], CXCL11[138], SCF[138,247-248], Eotaxin[250], HGF[250], MCP-1[250], CXCL10[250]
Adhesion molecules	CEACAM1[253,254], ICAM-1[160,262-263]

CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; TTF: Thyroid transcription factor; sTRA: Sialylated tumor-related antigen; IL: Interleukin.