Gastric schwannoma treated by endoscopic full-thickness resection and endoscopic purse-string suture: A case report

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Schwannomas, also known as neurinomas, are tumors that derive from Schwann cells. Gastrointestinal schwannomas are extremely rare, but the stomach is the most common site. Gastric schwannomas are usually asymptomatic. Endoscopy and imaging modalities might offer useful preliminary diagnostic information. However, to diagnose schwannoma, the immunohistochemical positivity for S-100 protein is essential, whereas CD117, CD34, SMA, desmin, and DOG-1 are negative.

CASE SUMMARY

A 45-year-old female was found to have a gastric mass during a medical examination, which was diagnosed as a gastric schwannoma. We performed endoscopic full-thickness resection and endoscopic purse-string suture. Pathology and immunohistochemical staining confirmed the diagnosis of gastric schwannoma through the positivity of S-100 protein. Furthermore, to exclude the misdiagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor, we performed a mutational detection of the c-Kit and PDGFRA genes. Postoperative follow-up revealed that the patient recovered well.

CONCLUSION

Immunohistochemical staining is essential for the diagnosis of schwannoma. Endoscopic full-thickness resection is an effective treatment method for gastric schwannoma.

Key Words: Gastric schwannoma, Endoscopic full-thickness resection, Endoscopic purse-string suture, Immunohistochemical staining, Gene mutational analysis, Case report

Core Tip: Schwannomas can occur in any part of the digestive tract but are most common in the stomach. Gastric schwannomas are typically asymptomatic, and it is difficult to make a precise preoperative diagnosis. The final diagnosis of schwannoma is based on immunohistochemical staining. We performed endoscopic full-thickness resection and endoscopic purse-string suture. We report a case diagnosed with gastric schwannoma.

INTRODUCTION

Schwannomas, which are also known as neurinomas, were first described in 1910 by Verocay and are rarely observed in the gastrointestinal tract[1,2]. The stomach is the site with the highest incidence of schwannomas in the gastrointestinal tract[3]. Gastric schwannomas are typically asymptomatic, and the most common symptoms are stomachache, abdominal mass, and gastrointestinal hemorrhage[4,5].

Although endoscopy and imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography-CT, might offer useful preliminary diagnostic information, it is still difficult to achieve the precise preoperative diagnosis of gastric schwannomas. Immunohistochemical positivity of S-100 protein is essential for the final diagnosis of schwannoma, whereas CD117, CD34, SMA, desmin, and DOG-1 are negative[6,7]. Gastric schwannomas are almost always benign with no recurrence or metastasis[6,8], and the optimal treatment for gastric schwannoma is surgical resection.

In our case, the schwannoma was discovered incidentally by abdominal CT. Gastroscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) were then performed. Endoscopic full-thickness resection and endoscopic purse-string suture were performed. Finally, the diagnosis of gastric schwannoma was confirmed by histological, immunohistochemical, and gene mutational investigations.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 45-year-old female had a gastric mass during a medical examination.

History of present illness

A 45-year-old female visited a local hospital for a regular health examination without any symptoms. The patient had an abdominal CT scan, which revealed a rounded mass arising from the greater curvature of the gastric body, suggesting a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) as a likely diagnosis. For further diagnosis and treatment, she was admitted to the Department of Gastroenterology at our hospital.

History of past illness

There was no other significant medical history. The patient had no history of prior gastroenterological symptoms. There was no relevant history including past interventions and outcomes.

Personal and family history

The patient had no history of smoking or drinking alcohol. Her occupation was a housewife. There was no relevant family history.

Physical examination

All vital signs of the patient were stable, and physical examination revealed no noteworthy positive sign.

Laboratory examinations

The levels of the tumor markers AFP, CA125, and CEA were in the normal range. Blood tests, fecal examinations, and coagulation function all demonstrated normal results.

Imaging examinations

Nine days before admission, the patient underwent abdominal CT scanning for a medical examination, and it revealed a 24.9 mm × 23.9 mm rounded mass arising from the greater curvature of the gastric body with slight internal contrast enhancement (Figure 1), suggesting a GIST as a likely diagnosis. No enlarged pericolic lymph nodes were observed.

Figure 1 Abdominal computed tomography scanning. A: Computed tomography scan revealed a rounded mass arising from the greater curvature of the gastric body; B: The gastric mass exhibited slight internal contrast enhancement.

Endoscopic examinations

Gastroscopy demonstrated a 2.0 cm × 1.8 cm hemispherical protrusion lesion of the gastric body, and EUS revealed hypoechoic and homogeneous echo lesions originating from the muscularis propria (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Gastroscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography. A: Gastroscopy demonstrated a hemispherical protrusion lesion of the gastric body; B: Endoscopic ultrasonography showed that the lesion arose from the muscularis propria.

Pathological findings and immunohistochemical staining

Pathological analysis and immunohistochemical staining (Figure 3) confirmed the diagnosis of gastric schwannoma through positivity for S-100 protein, whereas CD117, CD34, α-SMA, desmin, and DOG-1 were negative.

Figure 3 Pathological analysis and immunohistochemical staining. A: Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed spindle cell tumors with mild cells, mitotic figures 1-2/50 high-power field, local inflammatory cell infiltration, and no necrosis. Combined with immunohistochemistry and gene detection results, the results were consistent with schwannoma; B-G: Immunohistochemical staining of the gastric mass confirmed a gastric schwannoma through positive staining for S-100 protein (B), whereas CD117 (C), CD34 (D), α-smooth muscle actin (E), desmin (F), and DOG1 (G) were negative.

Gene mutational analysis

To provide evidence for the differential diagnosis of GIST, we performed a mutational detection of the c-Kit and PDGFRA genes (Figure 4), and the results showed that no mutations were detected in the sample.

Figure 4 c-Kit and PDGFRA gene mutational analysis. DNA sequencing electropherograms revealed an absence of mutations in exons 9, 11, 13, and 17 of the c-Kit gene and exons 12 and 18 of the PDGFRA gene.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The final diagnosis of the presented case was gastric schwannoma.

TREATMENT

Endoscopic full-thickness resection and endoscopic purse-string suture were performed (Figure 5). Postoperatively, acid suppression, hemostasis, protection of the gastric mucosa, and nutritional support were administered.

Figure 5 Endoscopic full-thickness resection operative process. A: Marked the lesion with argon plasma coagulation; B and C: Application of the insulated-tip knife to isolate the stromal tumor along its periphery; D and E: An “artificial perforation” observed after stromal tumor resection and sealed the perforation by endoscopic purse-string suture; F: The resected tumor.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

The patient was well recovered and was discharged on her seventh day post operation. The patient was followed up for 16 mo after the operation. Gastroscopy was performed (Figure 6), and the results indicated that the incision recovered well.

Figure 6  Gastroscopy at 16 mo after the operation revealed that the incision recovered well and that there was no recurrence.

DISCUSSION

Schwannomas are tumors originating from Schwann cells that usually affect the subcutaneous tissue of the distal limbs[9]. Schwannomas of the gastrointestinal tract represent approximately 3% of all mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract[10]. In the gastrointestinal tract, the stomach is the site with the highest incidence of schwannomas followed by the colon[11]. The small intestine and esophagus are the most infrequently affected sites[12,13]. Gastric schwannomas account for 0.2% of all gastric tumors[9].

Diagnostic methods for gastric schwannomas, such as endoscopy, EUS, CT, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography, have recently been proposed. On endoscopy, gastric schwannomas appear as elevated submucosal masses, with or without a central ulcer[14]. Endoscopic biopsy is not as effective as expected, as it can lead to false negative results[9]. On EUS evaluation, a rounded submucosal mass, a well-defined margin, heterogeneous hypoechogenicity or isoechogenicity, and deficiency of cystic change and calcification are significant for the diagnosis of gastric schwannoma[15-17].

Previous studies demonstrated that gastric schwannomas showed well-demarcated masses that are heterogeneous or homogeneous contrast enhancement on CT[14,18]. Ji et al[19] and Wang et al[20] reported that homogeneous progressive enhancement on dynamic CT was a characteristic finding of gastric schwannoma. On magnetic resonance imaging examination, the signal intensity of most gastric schwannomas is low to medium on T1-weighted images and high on T2-weighted images[21]. Recently, several cases of gastric schwannoma that were found with an increased uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose on positron emission tomography were reported[22]. Even with the above modern imaging modalities, it is still difficult to achieve the precise preoperative diagnosis of gastric schwannomas.

In our case, the schwannoma was discovered incidentally by abdominal CT, suggesting GIST as a likely diagnosis. Gastroscopy and EUS provided the same primary diagnosis. The tumor was misdiagnosed as a GIST until the immunohistochemical findings and mutational analysis were revealed.

Gastric schwannomas are almost uniformly benign without recurrence or metastasis, and no malignant variant was found in previous follow-up studies[6,8]. The optimal treatment for gastric schwannoma is surgical resection, which should follow the same principles with GISTs[23].

However, in recent years, therapies for gastric submucosal tumor resection have rapidly developed, and less invasive endoscopic techniques, such as snare polypectomy, endoscopic submucosal dissection, and endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR), have been considered and used more often. Zhai et al[24] conducted a 5-year retrospective study in consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic resection for gastric schwannoma at a large tertiary center, and the results indicated that endoscopic resection was effective and safe for patients with gastric schwannoma with favorable long-term outcomes. Jain et al[25] reported a systematic review of EFTR techniques for gastric tumors that originate from the muscularis propria and concluded that EFTR has a high success rate and low complication rate, which was a minimally invasive technique for gastric submucosal tumors.

In our case, the gastric schwannoma was treated by EFTR. To close the gastric perforation, endoscopic purse-string suture was performed. The patient had an uneventful recovery with no major complications.

CONCLUSION

Gastric schwannomas are relatively rare. Even with endoscopy and modern imaging modalities, the precise preoperative diagnosis of gastric schwannomas remains difficult. The final diagnosis of schwannoma is based on pathological and immunohistochemical examination. Gastric schwannomas are almost always benign, and patients with this type of tumor often have a favorable prognosis. Surgical resection is the optimal treatment for gastric schwannoma. Recently, minimally invasive techniques such as EFTR have been more widely considered and employed and are a safe and feasible treatment for gastric schwannomas.