Advances in paediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Role of lipidomics

Table 2 Main findings of lipidomic studies in paediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Ref.	Study design and methods	Population (n)	Main findings
Wasilewska et al[20], 2018	Prospective study	80 children at median age 12 (7-17 yr)	Higher total serum CE concentration in NAFLD patients, compared to the controls and of certain CEs (C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C22:0, C24:0). Total CE concentration was positively correlated with HOMA-IR and insulin levels
Draijer et al[8], 2020	Case-control study	21 children with obesity and steatosis and 21 with only obesity. Mean age of NAFLD patients: 14.8 yr; mean age of non-NAFLD patients 14.7 yr	Statistically significant alterations in 5 major lipid classes [TG(O), PE, PE(O), LPE(O), PC(O)] and 12 individual lipid species
Kalveram et al[32], 2021	Prospective study	40 children with biopsy-proven NAFLD. Mean age 14.2 ± 2.3 yr	Hepatic epoxyeicosanoids levels increased with higher degrees of steatosis. CYP epoxygenase activity increased, protein level, and activity of sEH decreased. In contrast, hepatic epoxyeicosanoids decreased with higher stages of fibrosis, with a decrease of CYP epoxygenase activity and protein expression

CE: Ceramides; CYP: Cytochrome P450; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; LPE(O): Alkyl/alkenyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamine; PC(O): Alkyl/alkenyl-phosphatidylcholine; PE: Phosphatidylethanolamine; PE(O): Alkyl/alkenyl-phosphatidylethanolamine; sEH: Soluble epoxide hydrolase; TG(O): Alkyl-diacylglycerols.