Advances in paediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Role of lipidomics

Table 1 Comparison between adult and paediatric lipidomic findings in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Lipid class	Changes in adult NAFLD patients	Changes in paediatric NAFLD patients
SFAs	Increased in liver[31] and in plasma[24]	Increased in liver and in plasma[32]
MUFAs	Increased in liver[35,36] and in plasma[25]	Increased in liver and in plasma[32]
PUFAs	Increased total PUFAs in liver[31] and n-6 LCPUFA in liver phospholipids[35]. Decreased LCPUFA of the n-6 and n-3 series in liver TAG, n-3 LCPUFA in phospholipids, total PUFA[35,36], n-3 PUFA[35], n-6 PUFA[32]	Increased in liver and in plasma[32]
PUFAs derived	Increased 5-HETE, 8-HETE, 11-HETE, and 15-HETE in NAFLD and NASH patients[27]. Increased 11,12-diHETrE, dhk PGD2, 20-COOH AA in NASH patients[26]	Increased EDPs, EEQs, EETs with progression of steatosis; reduced with progression of fibrosis[32]
TAG	Increased in liver[31] and in plasma[25]	Increased (TG[O]); TG (O-52:0), TG (O-52:1), TG (O-52:2), TG (O-52:3), TG (O-54:1), TG (O-54:2), TG (O-56:1) and TG (O-56:2) in serum[19]
DAG	Increased in liver[31] and in plasma[25]	No available data
FC	Increased in liver[31]	No available data
PC	Reduced in the liver[31], conflicting data for changes in serum[28,29]	Reduced serum alkyl/alkenyl-phosphatidylcholine (PC[O]) levels[19]
LPC	No statistically significant changes in plasma and serum[28,29]	No available data
PE	Decreased in liver[22] and increased in serum of NASH patients[28]	Increased PE in serum[19]
LPE	Decreased in serum of patients with NAFLD and NASH[28]	Increased LPE (20:3) and LPE (22:5); decreased [LPE(O)]) in serum[19]
PS	Reduced in liver[22], increased in plasma[29]	No available data
PI	Reduced in liver[22], increased in plasma[29]	No available data
PL	No change in liver[56]; decreased in plasma of NASH patients[25,57]	No available data
SM	Conflicting results in NAFLD and NASH patients[22,28,29,31,37,51]	Increased SM (d39:0), SM (d41:0) in serum[19]
CE	Increased in liver and in plasma[51,64,65]	Increased in serum[20]

20-COOH AA: 20-carboxy arachidonic acid; CE: Ceramides; DAG: Diacylglycerols; dhk PGD2: 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin D2; diHETrE: Dihydroxy-eicosatrienoic acid; EDP: Epoxyeicosapentaenoic acid; EET: Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid; EEQ: Epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid; FC: Free cholesterol; HETE: Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; LCPUFA: Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid; LPC: Lysophosphatidylocholine; LPE: Lysophosphatidylethanolamine; LPE(O): Alkyl/alkenyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamine; MUFAs: Monounsaturated fatty acids; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; PC: Phosphatidylcholine; PE: Phosphatidylethanolamine; PI: Phosphatidylinositol; PL: Plasmalogens; PS: Phosphatidylserine; PUFAs: Polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFAs: Saturated fatty acids; SM: Sphingomyelin; TAG: Triacylglycerols; TG(O): Alkyl-diacylglycerols.