Copyright
©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 7, 2021; 27(25): 3705-3733
Published online Jul 7, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i25.3705
Published online Jul 7, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i25.3705
Liver disease | MAIT cell features | Clinical implications |
Chronic hepatitis B | Reduced frequency circulating MAIT cells[37,38]; Depletion increased by delta infection[45]; Depleted intrahepatic MAIT cells[38,39,45]; Less granzyme B, IFN-γ, IFN-α release[36,188]; Conjugated bilirubin linked to dysfunction[39]; Increased PD-1 and CTLA-4 on MAIT cells[36]; Exhaustion correlates with HBV DNA level[36] | Chronic activation and exhaustion[36,39]; Less antiviral action[36,39,188]; Increased MAIT cell death[99]; Presumed defective protective role[36] |
Chronic hepatitis C | Reduced frequency circulating MAIT cells[41,42]; Depleted intrahepatic MAIT cell[43]; Increased histologic indices reflect depletion[43]; Less TCR-activation and IFN-γ production[40,43]; Increased PD-1 and CTLA-4 on MAIT cells[41] | Hyper-activation and exhaustion[40,41,43]; Increased MAIT cell death[43,61,99]; Antiviral therapy not restorative[40,42,43]; Presumed defective protective role[43] |
Alcoholic hepatitis | Reduced frequency in blood and liver[46,47,133]; Decreased granzyme B and IL-17 production[46]; Circulating bacterial products[46,47]; Increased percentage PD-1+ MAIT cells[47]; Abundant circulating stimulatory cytokines[47]; Myofibroblasts stimulated and pro-fibrotic[63] | Hyper-activation and dysfunctional[46,47]; Immune exhaustion[46,47]; Impaired intestinal mucosal barrier[46,47]; Increased MAIT cell death[47]; Diminished anti-bacterial function[133]; Presumed defective protective role[46,47] |
NAFLD | Circulating MAIT cell frequency decreased[51]; Circulating cells express PD-1 and CD69[51]; Increased intrahepatic MAIT cell frequency[51]; Frequency correlates with NAFLD score[51]; Decreased IFN-γ and TNF-α production[51]; IL-4 induced polarization to M2 macrophages[51] | Activated and immune exhausted[51]; Increased hepatic migration[51]; Recruited by inflammatory activity[51]; Reduced functionality[51]; Promotes anti-inflammatory milieu[51]; Presumed defective protective role[51] |
Autoimmune hepatitis | Circulating MAIT cell frequency decreased[52,53]; Reduced granzyme B and IFN-γ secretion[52,53]; Variable intrahepatic frequency[52,53]; Increased IL-17A and HSC stimulation[52]; Increased expression of PD-1 and TIM-3[52] | Activated and immune exhausted[52,53]; Reduced functionality[52,53]; Pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu[52]; Progressive fibrosis[52]; Presumed active pathogenic role[52] |
- Citation: Czaja AJ. Incorporating mucosal-associated invariant T cells into the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27(25): 3705-3733
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v27/i25/3705.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i25.3705