Disorders of the brain-gut interaction and eating disorders

Table 2 Studies analyzing the association between functional dyspepsia and eating disorders

Ref.	Aims	Study population	Assessment instruments	Results and conclusions
Santonicola et al[37], 2012	Prevalence of FD	20 AN, 6 BN, 10 EDNOS, 9 CT, 32 OB, 22 HC	Rome III criteria (18 questions diagnosis of FD and its subgroups PDS and EPS)	90% AN, 83.3% BN, 90% EDNOS, 55.6% OB and 18.2% CT met PDS criteria. Emesis was present in 100% BN patients, 20% EDNOS, 15% AN, 22% of CT subjects, 5.6% HC. Postprandial fullness intensity-frequency score was significantly higher in AN, BN, EDNOS. Nausea and epigastric pressure were increased in BN and EDNOS
Porcelli et al[38], 1998	Presence of lifetime ED in patients referred for FGID	127 consecutive patients (42 FD, 28 IBS 20 FAP, 37 with FD and IBS; male and 83 females; 163 control subjects gallstone disease	GSRS; HADS (HADS-A and HADS-D)	Past ED were significantly more prevalent in FGID (15.7%) than in gallstone disease patients (3.1%) (chi-square = 14.6, P < 0.001). FGID patients with past ED were significantly younger, more educated, more psychologically distressed, more dyspeptic, and more were women than FGID patients without past ED
Cremonini et al[39], 2009	Severity of BE episodes would be associated with upper and lower GI symptoms	4096 subjects (population-based survey of community residents found through the medical record linkage system) > 18 yr	Questionnaire measuring GI symptoms, frequency of BE episodes and physical activity level	BE disorder: Was present in 6.1% subjects, was independently associated with upper. GI symptoms: Acid regurgitation heartburn, dysphagia, bloating and upper abdominal pain, was associated with lower GI symptoms: diarrhea, urgency, constipation and feeling of anal blockage. The associations independent of the level of obesity
Jáuregui et al[40], 2011	QoL in FD patients psychopathological features that underlie the FD	245 people (mean age 28.36 ± 11.26 yr; 189 female and 56 male) 78 patients with ED (70 female and 8 male, mean age 22.88 ± 8.28 yr), 90 university students with associated FD (76 female and 14 male, mean age 22.49 ± 4.27 yr); 77 psychiatric patients (non-ED) (43 female and 34 male, mean age 40.78 ± 9.40 yr)	NDI-SF, BDI, STAI, TSF-Q, VAS	Satiation and bloating were significantly higher in ED patients. Correlations between dyspepsia and TSF were initially positive and significant in all cases, but significance was only maintained in the group of ED patients. Predictors of quality of life in ED patients: dyspepsia, depressive symptomatology, TSF-conceptual, TSF-interpretative and total TSF
Santonicola et al[41], 2019	Relationship among anhedonia, BED and upper gastrointestinal symptoms in 2 group of morbidly OB with and without SG	81 OB without SG, 45 OB with SG, 55 HC	BDI, STAI, SHAPS, ROME IV criteria for FD and its subtypes	OB without SG showed a higher prevalence of PDS, mood disorders and anxiety when positive for BE behavior compared to those negative for BE behavior, no differences were found in SHAPS score. OB with SG showed a higher prevalence of PDS compared to OB without SG. BED and depression are less frequent in the OB with SG, while state and trait anxiety are significantly higher. The more an OB with SG is anhedonic, less surgical success was achieved

FD: Functional dyspepsia; ED: Eating disorders; HC: Healthy controls; AN: Anorexia nervosa; BN: Bulimia nervosa; EDNOS: Eating disorders not otherwise specified; CT: Constitutional thinners; OB: Obesity; PDS: Postprandial distress syndrome; EPS: Epigastric pain syndrome; FGID: Functional gastrointestinal disorders; IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome; FAP: Functional abdominal pain; GSRS: Gastrointestinal symptoms rating scale; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; BE: Binge eating; GI: Gastrointestinal; QoL: Quality of life; NDI-SF: Nepean Dyspepsia Index-Short Form; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; TSF-Q: Thought Shape Fusion-Questionnaire; VAS: Visual Analogue Scales; SG: Sleeve gastrectomy; SHAPS: Snaith-Hamilton pleasure scale.