Early genetic diagnosis of clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori

Table 7 Characteristics of drug-resistant genes in CARD

Subject ID	ARO number	Definition of term
YP_208874.1	Neisseria gonorrhoeae FA 1090	rpsJ is a tetracycline resistance protein identified in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Tetracycline resistance is conferred by binding to the ribosome as a 30S ribosomal protection protein[27]
YP_006374661.1	Enterococcus faecium DO	Sequence variants of Enterococcus faecium elongation factor Tu that can confer resistance to GE2270A[28]
NP_312937.1	Escherichia coli O157•H7 str. Sakai	Point mutation that occurs in Escherichia coli rpoB resulting in resistance to rifampicin[29]
AAK44936.1	Mycobacterium tuberculosis CDC1551	Ribosomal protein S12 stabilizes the highly conserved pseudoknot structure formed by 16S rRNA. Amino acid substitutions in RpsL affect the higher-order structure of 16S rRNA and confer streptomycin resistance by disrupting interactions between 16S rRNA and streptomycin[30-35]
NP_207975.1	Helicobacter pylori 26695	hp1184 is a translocase that belongs to the MATE efflux pump family. It is found in H. pylori and is involved in the active efflux of antibiotics[25,26]
NP_207972.1	Helicobacter pylori 26695	hp1181 is a translocase that is part of the MFS efflux pump family. It is found in H. pylori and plays a role in the active efflux of antibiotics[25]
AIL15701	Escherichia coli ATCC25922	murA or UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvy1 transferase catalyzes the initial step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis and is inhibited by Fosfomycin. Over-expression of murA through mutations such as Asp369Asn and Leu370I1e confers fosfomycin resistance. Extensive evidence has shown the significance of C115 mutations in conferring fosfomycin resistance since this residue represents a primary binding site for the antibiotic across many species[36-39]
YP_002344422.1	Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni NCTC 11168	Campylobacter jejuni is a major bacterial infectious agent associated with gastroenteritis. Quinolone resistance is reportedly conferred by a single C-257-T nucleotide substitution in the gyrA gene[40]
NP_415611.1	Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655	Fab G is a 3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase involved in lipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis. The bacterial biocide Triclosan blocks the final reduction step in fatty acid elongation, inhibiting biosynthesis. Point mutations in fabG can confer resistance to Triclosan[41]
WP_005768149.1	Bartonella bacilliformis KC583	Point mutation in Bartonella bacilliformis results in amino coumarin resistance[42]
AJF83452.1	Acinetobacter baumannii	The LpxC gene is widely known to be involved in the biosynthesis of lipid A in Gram-negative bacteria and mutations to this gene may cause resistance to antimicrobial peptides that target the outer membrane[43,44]
NP_415804.1	Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655	fabI is an enoyl-acy1 carrier reductase used in lipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis. The bacterial biocide Triclosan blocks the final reduction step in fatty acid elongation, inhibiting biosynthesis. Point mutations in fabI can confer resistance to Triclosan and Isoniazid[41]
YP_001332362.1	Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus str. Newman	Ar1R is a response regulator that binds to the norA promoter to activate expression. Ar1R must first be phosphorylated by Ar1S[45]
AJF82049.1	Acinetobacter baumannii	The LpxA gene is widely known to be involved in the biosynthesis of lipid A in Gram-negative bacteria and mutations to this gene may cause resistance to antimicrobial peptides that target the outer membrane[43,44]

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.