Chronic intestinal failure and short bowel syndrome in Crohn’s disease

Table 8 Intestinal failure-associated liver disease risk factors in adult patients with home-based parenteral nutrition (adapted from Van Gossum et al[157], 2019)

PN-related	Patient-related
Energy overfeeding	Lack of oral feeding
Glucose overload > 7 mg/kg/min	Short bowel syndrome (small bowel remnant < 50 cm)
Lipid emulsion overload	Inflammation/infection
Soya-based lipid emulsion > 1 g/kg/d	Sepsis (e.g., central venous catheter related)
Continuous infusion (24/24 h)	Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Contaminants (phytosterols)	Gut inflammation
Antioxidant deficiency	Viral infection (e.g., hepatitis B, C)
Nutrient deficiency (choline, carnitine, methionine, taurine, essential fatty acid deficiency, etc.)	Autoimmune
	Hepatotoxic medications

PN: Parenteral nutrition.