Potential risk factors for constipation in the community

Table 5 Residential region and constipation

Ref.	Location	Sample size	Age range (yr)	Definition of constipation	Region of residence	Prevalence (%)	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Pare et al[45], 2000	Canada	1149	> 18	Self-report (3 mo)	Atlantic; Quebec; Ontario; Prairies; British Columbia	26.7; 25.8; 26.7; 25.6; 32.3	NR	NR
Pare et al[45], 2000	Canada	1149	> 18	Rome I	Atlantic; Quebec; Ontario; Prairies; British Columbia	18.2; 22.1; 13.5; 16.4; 14.5	NR	NR
Pare et al[45], 2000	Canada	1149	> 18	Rome II	Atlantic; Quebec; Ontario; Prairies; British Columbia	15.9; 18.6; 13.7; 14.0; 11.9	NR	NR
Papatheodoridis et al[51], 2010	Greece	1000	15-64	Rome III or self-report (12 mo)	Athens; Thessaloniki; Other cities	13; 18; 19	0.581 (0.399, 0.844); 0.928 (0.539, 1.598);1.0	0.004; 0.787; 0.017
Rey et al[55], 2014	Spain	1500	> 18	Rome III	Mediterranean; Centre; Atlantic	21; 17; 15	NR	NR
Rey et al[55], 2014	Spain	1500	> 18	Rome III	Urban; Rural	20; 18	NR	NR
Ebling et al[50], 2014	Croatia	658	20-69	Rome III	Urban; Rural	22.2; 17.5	1.947	0.003
Chu et al[41], 2014	China		> 18	Rome II	Hong Kong; Mainland	14.0; 6.4	NR	< 0.001
Chu et al[41], 2014	China		> 18	Rome II	North; South	15.5; 3.3	NR	< 0.001
Chu et al[41], 2014	China		> 18	Rome II	East; Midwest	4.0; 11.0	NR	< 0.001
Chu et al[41], 2014	China		> 18	Rome II	Urban; Rural	6.7; 7.2	NR	< 0.001

¹Calculated from data published. NR: Not reported.