Potential risk factors for constipation in the community

Table 2 Gender and constipation

Ref.	Location	Sample size	Age range (yr)	Definition of constipation	Prev. males (%)	Prev. females (%)	F/M ratio	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Everhart et al[67], 1989	United States	11204	25-74	Self-report (NTP)	3.6	11.4	3.171	3.8 (2.6, 5.6)	NR
Talley et al[64], 1991	United States	835	30-64	Rome I	13.9	20.8	1.501	1.6 (1.1, 2.3)	NR
Talley et al[49], 1993	United States	690	30-64	Self-reportRome I	2.7; 18.3	7.3; 20.1	2.701; 1.011	NR	NR
Drossman et al[44], 1993	United States	5430	> 15	Rome I	2.4	4.8	2.001	1.99 (1.5, 2.7)	NR
Stewart et al[68], 1999	United States	10018	> 18	Rome II	12.0	16.0	1.331	NR	NR
Pare et al[45], 2001	Canada	1149	> 18	Self-report (3 mo)	18.4	35.4	1.921	NR	NR
Pare et al[45], 2001	Canada	1149	> 18	Rome I	12.0	21.0	1.751	NR	NR
Pare et al[45], 2001	Canada	1149	> 18	Rome II	8.3	21.1	2.541	NR	NR
Choung et al[63], 2006	United States	2718	20-95	Self-report (12 mo)	2.761	6.441	2.331	NR	NR
Chang et al[46], 2007	United States	523	30-64	Rome III	17.8	17.8	1.00	1.0 (0.64, 1.57)	NR
Wald et al[61], 2008	United States	2000	> 15	Self-report (12 mo)	13.6	21.4	1.57	NR	NR
Choung et al[65], 2012	United States	2853	> 20	Rome II	20.11	27.71	1.381	1.6 (1.3, 1.9)	< 0.01
Choung et al[69], 2016	United States	2327	> 25	Rome III (mod)	5.1	8.7	1.711	NR	NR
Meinds et al[47], 2017	Netherlands	1259	> 18	Rome III	18.8	29.3	1.561	1.8 (1.4, 2.3)	< 0.001
Van Kerkhoven et al[70], 2008	Netherlands	1616	> 18	Self-report (4 wk)	7	18	2.571	NR	< 0.01
Garrigues et al[60], 2004	Spain	349	18-65	Self-report (12 mo)	18.0	40.1	2.231	2.9 (1.68, 4.98)	0.0001
Garrigues et al[60], 2004	Spain	349	18-65	Rome II	5.5	22.0	4.01	4.58 (1.98, 10.60)	0.0004
Walter et al[22], 2002	Sweden	1610	31-76	Self-report (NTP)	8.3	19.8	2.391	NR	< 0.0001
Haug et al[71], 2002	Norway	62651	> 20	Self-report (12 mo)	1.5	5.7	3.81	NR	< 0.05
Fosnes et al[54], 2011	Norway	4622	31-76	Rome II	6.71	19.31	2.881	3.24 (2.61, 4.02)	< 0.001
Gaburri et al[72], 1989	Italy	519	NR	Self-report (3 yr)	1.21	8.11	6.751	NR	NR
Heaton et al[73], 1993	United Kingdom	1892	26-69	Self-report (NTP)	14.7	31.1	2.121	NR	< 0.001
Wald et al[61], 2008	United Kingdom	2000	> 15	Self-report (12 mo)	4.2	10.9	2.60	NR	NR
Wald et al[61], 2008	Germany	2000	> 15	Self-report (12 mo)	3.0	7.5	2.5	NR	NR
Wald et al[61], 2008	Italy	2000	> 15	Self-report (12 mo)	4.9	10.8	2.2	NR	NR
Wald et al[61], 2008	France	2000	> 15	Self-report (12 mo)	8.6	18.9	2.2	NR	NR
Rey et al[55], 2014	Spain	1500	> 18	Rome III	10.6	27.6	2.7	NR	NR
Esteban y Peña et al[74], 2014	Spain	7341	> 16	Self-report (NTP)	1.9	5.9	3.11	NR	< 0.001
Enck et al[75], 2016	Germany	15002	> 18	Self-report (12 mo)	NR	NR	2.3	NR	NR
Ebling et al[50], 2014	Croatia	658	20-70	Rome III	24.3	20.3	0.841	NR	0.2260.126
Papatheodoridis et al[51], 2010	Greece	1000	15-64	Rome III or self-report (12 mo)	11	21	1.911	2.10 (1.41, 3.12)	< 0.001
Wald et al[61], 2008	Brazil	2000	> 15	Self-report	8.5	24.2	2.85	NR	NR
Wald et al[59], 2010	Argentina	2000	> 15	Self-report	7.9	20.2	2.56	NR	NR
Wald et al[59], 2010	Colombia	2000	> 15	Self-report	14.7	28.3	1.93	NR	NR
Schmidt et al[66], 2016	Brazil	2162	> 18	Rome III	5.3	21.9	4.131	4.3 (3.1, 6.1)	NR
Ho et al[76], 1998	Singapore	706	21-95	Rome II	2.8	5.6	2.01	NR	NR
Chen et al[77], 2000	Singapore	271	> 16	Rome II	3.6	11.3	3.141	NR	< 0.05
Cheng et al[57], 2003	Hong Kong	3282	18-80	Rome II	13.9	14.5	1.041	NR	NR
Lu et al[56], 2006	Taiwan	2018	> 20	Rome II	7.01	10.61	1.511	NR	< 0.001
Chang et al[78], 2012	Taiwan	4275	> 19	Rome III	2.8	6.2	2.211	NR	0.001
Jun et al[58], 2006	South Korea	1029	> 15	Self-report (3 mo)	10.4	22.8	2.191	NR	< 0.001
Jeong et al[79], 2008	South Korea	1417	18-69	Rome II	0.5	5.0	10.01	NR	< 0.05
Wald et al[61], 2008	South Korea	2000	> 15	Self-report (12 mo)	10.7	22.7	2.12	NR	NR
Tamura et al[23], 2016	Japan	5155	20-79	Self-report (NTP)	19.1	37.5	1.961	NR	< 0.001
Wald et al[59], 2010	Indonesia	2000	> 15	Self-report (12 mo)	10.7	15.1	1.41	NR	NR
Wald et al[59], 2010	China	2100	15-60	Self-report (12 mo)	10.8	19.7	1.82	NR	NR
Sorouri et al[53], 2010	Iran	18180	NR	Rome III	1.2	3.7	3.081	1.83 (1.44, 2.32)	< 0.01
Moezi et al[52], 2018	Iran	9264	40-75	Rome IV	6.7	9.3	1.44	NR	< 0.001
Talley et al[80], 1998	Australia	730	> 18	BSQ	6.3	21.1	3.35	NR	NR
Howell et al[48], 2006	Australia	1673	25-64	Rome II	25.1	36.0	1.43	NR	NR
Koloski et al[81], 2015	Australia	3260	> 18	Rome III	3.251	8.951	2.751	NR	NR

¹Calculated from published data. Prev.: Prevalence; F/M: Female/Male; Mod: Modified; NR: Not reported; NS: Not significant; NTP: No time period specified; BSQ: Bowel symptom questionnaire (similar to Rome criteria).