Potential risk factors for constipation in the community

Table 14 Surgery and constipation

Ref.	Location	Sample size	Age range (yr)	Definition of constipation	Surgery	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Choung et al[83], 2007	United States	7805	20-95	BDQ	Abdominal	1.2 (0.7, 2.0)	NS
Choung et al[69], 2016	United States	2327	> 25	Rome III	Anorectal surgery; Hysterectomy	3.3 (1.2, 9.1); 1.5 (1.0, 2.2)	0.02; 0.033
Schmidt et al[66], 2016	Brazil	2162	> 18	Rome III	Anorectal surgery	5.3 (2.3, 12.1)	NR
Lu et al[56], 2006	Taiwan	2018	> 20	Rome II	Appendectomy; Cholecystectomy; Hysterectomy	NR	NS; NS; NS
Sorouri et al[53], 2010	Iran	18180	NR	Rome III	Abdominal surgery	0.66 (0.52, 0.83)	< 0.01

NR: Not reported; NS: Not significant; BDQ: Bowel disease questionnaire (similar to Rome criteria).