Potential risk factors for constipation in the community

Table 13 Medical conditions and constipation

Ref.	Location	Sample size	Age range (yr)	Definition of constipation	Condition	Prevalence (%)	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Schmidt et al[66], 2016	Brazil	2162	> 18	Rome III	Fistula; Haemorrhoids; Anal fissures; Nervous disease; Stroke	54.5; 29.3; 35.8; 24.5; 48.3	3.8 (1.5, 9.7); 1.9 (1.3, 2.7); 2.2 (1.3, 3.6); 1.6 (1.1, 2.1); 5.3 (2.3, 12.1)	NR
Cheng et al[57], 2003	Hong Kong	3282	18-80	Rome II	Anxiety; Depression	NR	NR	< 0.0001; < 0.0001
Koloski et al[84], 2002	Australia	2910	> 18	Rome I	Anxiety; Depression	5.6; 4.2	NR	< 0.05; < 0.05
Bytzer et al[86], 1989	Australia	8185	> 18	BDQ	Control; Diabetes mellitus	9.2; 11.4	1.00; 1.54	NR
Choung et al[69], 2016	United States	2327	> 25	Rome III	Rectal cancer; Neurological dis; Parkinson’s dis; Multiple sclerosis; Metabolic dis; Cardiovascular dis; Angina; Psychiatric disorder	NR	4.7 (1.0, 22.2); 1.5 (1.1, 1.9); 6.5 (2.9, 14.4); 5.5 (1.9, 15.8); 1.4 (1.1, 1.9); 1.5 (1.1, 1.9); 1.4 (1.1, 1.9); 1.3 (1.0, 1.7)	NR
Choung et al[65], 2012	United States	2853	> 20	Rome II	Dyspepsia; GORD	46.9; 34.3	NR; NR	< 0.01; < 0.01
Enck et al[75], 2016	Germany	15002	> 18	Self-report (12 mo)	Back pain; Circulation problem; Gynecological; Urological; Gastrointestinal	19.01; 25.21; 35.11; 34.31; 31.61	NR	< 0.001 < 0.001; < 0.001 < 0.001; < 0.001
Ebling et al[50], 2014	Croatia	658	20-69	Rome III	BMI; Anemia	NR; 40.0	1.051; NR	0.777; < 0.01
Chang et al[46], 2007	United States	523	30-64	Rome III	BMI 1st Q; BMI 2nd Q; BMI 3rd Q; BMI 4th Q	19.4; 13.6; 18.0; 20.7	1.0; 0.65 (0.32, 1.32); 0.92 (0.46, 1.82); 1.07 (0.55, 2.10)	NS
Rey et al[55], 2014	Spain	1500	> 18	Rome III	Normal; Overweight; Obese	22; 15; 20	NR	NR
Papatheodoridis et al[51], 2010	Greece	1000	15-64	Rome III or self-report (12 mo)	Underweight; Normal weight; Overweight; Obese	18; 14; 17; 20	NR	0.21
Pourhoseingholi et al[85], 2008	Iran	2547	NR	Self-report (NTP)	BMI < 25; BMI 25-30; BMI > 30	40.4; 38.9; 40.7	NR	NS
Haug et al[71], 2002	Norway	60998	> 20	Self-report (12 mo)	Anxiety; Depression	NR; NR	1.86 (1.67, 2.07); 1.46 (1.30, 1.65)	NR
Fosnes et al[54], 2011	Norway	4622	31-76	Rome II	BMI; M/S complaints; Angina; MS	NR	0.95 (0.93, 0.97); 1.04 (1.002, 1.09); 1.86 (1.21, 2.85); 2.14 (1.03, 5.66)	< 0.001; 0.042; 0.004; 0.043
Lu et al[56], 2006	Taiwan	2018	> 20	Rome II	Diabetes; Hypertension	14.11;11.11	NR	NS; NS
Moezi et al[52], 2018	Iran	9264	40-75	Rome IV	Insomnia; Anxiety; Depression; Back or joint pain; GORD	13.51; 11.71; 12.41; 9.41; 11.71	1.62 (1.36, 1.93); 1.38 (1.15, 1.65); 1.22 (1.01, 1.48); 1.38 (1.14, 1.67); 1.51 (1.28, 1.78)	< 0.001; < 0.001; < 0.001; < 0.001; < 0.001

¹Calculated from data published.

NR: Not reported; NS: Not significant; BDQ: Bowel disease questionnaire (similar to Rome criteria); BMI: Body mass index; M/S: Musculoskeletal; MS: multiple sclerosis; GORD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.