Potential risk factors for constipation in the community

Table 11 Alcohol and constipation

Ref.	Location	Sample size	Age range (yr)	Definition of constipation	Weekly alcohol consumption	Prevalence (%)	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Choung et al[83], 2007	United States	7805	20-95	BDQ	No alcohol; Alcohol	16; 17	1; 1.1 (0.7, 1.7)	NS
Talley et al[49], 1993	United States	690	30-64	Rome I	No alcohol; > 7 drinks	19.7; 9.41	3.6 (1.2, 10.4)	< 0.05
Chang et al[46], 2007	United States	523	30-64	Rome III	0 drinks; 1-2; 3-6; > 7; Any alcohol	19.3; 19.2; 14.1; 14.9; 16.3	1.0; 0.99 (0.55, 1.79); 0.69 (0.34, 1.39); 0.73 (0.35, 1.53); 0.82 (0.52, 1.29)	NS
Fosnes et al[54], 2011	Norway	4622	31-76	Rome II	> Once; < Once	10.61; 14.21	0.94 (0.89, 0.99)	0.024
Choung et al[65], 2012	United States	2853	> 20	Rome II	1-6 drinks; 7+ drinks	25.31; 23.11	NR	NS
Moezi et al[52], 2018	Iran	9264	40-75	Rome IV	No alcohol; Alcohol	7.91; 9.71	NR	NS
Lu et al[56], 2006	Taiwan	2018	> 20	Rome II	No alcohol; Alcohol	8.91; 7.41	NR	NS

¹Calculated from data published.

NR: Not reported; NS: Not significant; BDQ: Bowel disease questionnaire (similar to Rome criteria).