Potential risk factors for constipation in the community

Table 1 Age and constipation

Ref.	Location	Sample size	Definition of constipation	Age range (yr)	Prevalence (%)	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Harari et al[62], 1989	United States	42375	Self-report (12 mo)	< 40; 40-49; 50-59; 60-69; 70-79; > 80	2.6; 2.6; 2.9; 4.1; 5.5; 10.0	1.00; 1.00 (0.84, 1.18); 1.11 (0.92, 1.33); 1.60 (1.36, 1.86); 2.11 (1.80, 2.46); 3.80 (3.22, 4.49)	NR
Drossman et al[44], 1993	United States	5430	Rome I	15-34; 35-49; > 45	3.8; 3.6; 3.5	NR	NR
Talley et al[49], 1993	United States	690	Rome I	30-39; 60-64	25; 15	NR	< 0.05
Pare et al[45], 2001	Canada	1149	Self-report (3 mo)	18-34; 35-49; 50-64; > 65	26.4; 28.4; 26.3; 27.4	NR	NR
Pare et al[45], 2001	Canada	1149	Rome I	18-34; 35-49; 50-64; > 65	20.3; 14.5; 15.1; 15.4	NR	NR
Pare et al[45], 2001	Canada	1149	Rome II	18-34; 35-49; 50-64; > 65	16.1; 12.9; 14.8; 16.7	NR	NR
Choung et al[63], 2006	United States	3022	Self-report (12 mo)	< 50; > 50	1.321; 7.871	NR	NR
Wald et al[61], 2008	United States	2000	Self-report (12 mo)	< 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60	13.41; 19.11 17.51; 19.91	NR	NR
Chang et al[46], 2007	United States	523	Rome III	< 50; > 50	18.2; 17.3	1.0; 0.94 (0.60, 1.48)	NR
Meinds et al[47], 2017	Netherlands	1259	Rome III	18-34; 35-46; 47-55; 56-64; 65-85	36.3; 26.6; 19.0; 19.2; 19.8	NR	< 0.001
Garrigues et al[60], 2004	Spain	349	Self-report (12 mo)	18-30; 31-50; 51-65	29.2; 29.2; 30.7	NR	NS
Fosnes et al[54], 2011	Norway	4622	Rome II	NR	NR	1.01 (1.003, 1.02)	0.005
Rey et al[55], 2014	Spain	1500	Rome III	18-40; 41-65; > 65	19; 19; 20	NR
Ebling et al[50], 2014	Croatia	658	Rome III	20-34; 35-49; 50-69	16.2; 22.7; 26.2	NR	0.035; 0.182
Papatheodoridis et al[51], 2010	Greece	1000	Rome III or self-report (12 mo)	15-29; 30-44; 45-59; 60-64	12; 16; 18; 25	0.422 (0.226, 0.788); 0.721 (0.397, 1.310); 0.670 (0.362, 1.241); 1.0	0.007; 0.283; 0.203; 0.010
Wald et al[61], 2008	United Kingdom	2000	Self-report (12 mo)	< 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60	5.91; 7.71; 8.11; 9.11	NR	NR
Wald et al[61], 2008	France	2000	Self-report (12 mo)	< 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60	12.21; 12.41; 9.41; 22.01	NR	NR
Wald et al[61], 2008	Germany	2000	Self-report (12 mo)	< 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60	1.51; 4.31; 5.51; 8.71	NR	NR
Wald et al[61], 2008	Italy	2000	Self-report (12 mo)	< 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60	5.81; 6.91; 8.91 10.61	NR	NR
Wald et al[59], 2010	China	2100	Self-report (12 mo)	< 29; 30-44; 45-59	12.71; 16.01; 18.61	NR	NR
Wald et al[59], 2010	Indonesia	2000	Self-report (12 mo)	< 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60;	11.61; 13.51; 15.31; 9.61	NR	NR
Wald et al[59], 2010	South Korea	2000	Self-report (12 mo)	< 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60;	18.11; 15.61; 16.91; 14.11	NR	NR
Jun et al[58], 2006	South Korea	1029	Self-report (3 mo)	15-19; 20-29; 30-39; 40-49; 50-59; > 60	22; 22; 15; 15; 14; 12	NR	0.003
Cheng et al[57], 2003	Hong Kong	3282	Rome II	< 30; 30-39; 40-49; 50-59; > 59	14.5; 13.6; 11.8; 13.7; 14.9	NR	NR
Lu et al[56], 2006	Taiwan	2018	Rome II	20-29; 30-39; 40-49; 50-59; 60-69; 70-79	12.2; 7.9; 7.4; 7.1; 10.4; 11.9	NR	0.04
Sorouri et al[53], 2010	Iran	18180	Rome III	< 40; 40-60; > 60	1.4; 4.7; 4.9	1.01 (1, 1.01)	< 0.05
Moezi et al[52], 2018	Iran	9264	Rome IV	40-59; > 60	6.91; 11.91	1.55 (1.31, 1.83)	< 0.001
Wald et al[59], 2010	Argentina	2000	Self-report (12 mo)	< 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60	11.61; 12.31; 17.11; 17.31	NR	NR
Wald et al[59], 2010	Colombia	2000	Self-report; (12 mo)	< 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60	19.61; 25.61; 25.31; 25.51	NR	NR
Wald et al[59], 2010	Brazil	2000	Self-report (12 mo)	< 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60	13.91; 17.31; 19.41; 19.01	NR	NR
Howell et al[48], 2006	Sydney	1673	Rome II	25-34; 35-44; 45-54; 55-64	37.8; 27.7; 27.4; 27.6	NR	0.03

¹Calculated from data published. NR: Not reported; NS: Not significant.