State of machine and deep learning in histopathological applications in digestive diseases

Figure 2 Common trainable tasks by deep learning. A: Classification involves designation of a class label to an image input. Image patches for the figure were taken from colorectal cancer and normal adjacent intestinal samples obtained via an IRB-approved protocol; B: Segmentation tasks output a mask with pixel-level color designation of classes. Here, white indicates nuclei and black represents non-nuclear areas; C: Detection tasks generate bounding boxes with object classifications. Immunofluorescence images of mouse-derived organoids with manually inserted classifications and bounding boxes in yellow are included for illustrative purposes.