Understanding celiac disease monitoring patterns and outcomes after diagnosis: A multinational, retrospective chart review study

Table 2 Presentation of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal manifestations at diagnosis and at follow-up visits, by country

	All patients (n = 300)		United Kingdom patients (n = 100)		United States patients (n = 100)		Norway patients (n = 100)
	At diagnosis, n (%)	At follow-up1, n (%)	At diagnosis, n (%)	At follow-up1, n (%)	At diagnosis, n (%)	At follow-up1, n (%)	At diagnosis, n (%)	At follow-up1, n (%)
Gastrointestinal manifestations2
None3	44 (14.7)	191 (63.7)	26 (26.0)	69 (69.0)	10 (10.0)	56 (56.0)	8 (8.0)	66 (66.0)
Diarrhea	147 (49.0)	100 (33.3)	44 (44.0)	35 (35.0)	54 (54.0)	45 (45.0)	49 (49.0)	20 (20.0)
Abdominal pain	124 (41.3)	93 (31.0)	26 (26.0)	23 (23.0)	46 (46.0)	45 (45.0)	52 (52.0)	25 (25.0)
Abdominal distension	12 (4.0)	11 (3.7)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	7 (7.0)	9 (9.0)	5 (5.0)	2 (2.0)
Poor appetite	5 (1.7)	6 (2.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (1.0)	2 (2.0)	2 (2.0)	3 (3.0)	3 (3.0)
Constipation	38 (12.7)	47 (15.7)	6 (6.0)	6 (6.0)	15 (15.0)	29 (29.0)	17 (17.0)	12 (12.0)
Weight loss	6 (2.0)	33 (11.0)	0 (0.0)	6 (6.0)	5 (5.0)	17 (17.0)	1 (1.0)	10 (10.0)
Weight gain	44 (14.7)	27 (9.0)	10 (10.0)	0 (0.0)	25 (25.0)	24 (24.0)	9 (9.0)	3 (3.0)
Malabsorption	1 (0.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (1.0)	0 (0.0)
Bloating	90 (30.0)	76 (25.3)	26 (26.0)	26 (26.0)	31 (31.0)	31 (31.0)	33 (33.0)	19 (19.0)
Hard stools	4 (1.3)	6 (2.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	4 (4.0)	4 (4.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (2.0)
Mouth ulcers	3 (1.0)	2 (0.7)	2 (2.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (1.0)	1 (1.0)	1 (1.0)
Extraintestinal manifestations2
None3	72 (24.0)	153 (51.0)	37 (37.0)	71 (71.0)	24 (24.0)	38 (38.0)	11 (11.0)	44 (44.0)
Brain fog	11 (3.7)	10 (3.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	10 (10.0)	10 (10.0)	1 (1.0)	0 (0.0)
Nutritional deficiency	104 (34.7)	108 (36.0)	27 (27.0)	27 (27.0)	34 (34.0)	59 (59.0)	43 (43.0)	22 (22.0)
Osteoporosis/osteopenia	21 (7.0)	54 (18.0)	5 (5.0)	16 (16.0)	11 (11.0)	26 (26.0)	5 (5.0)	12 (12.0)
Anemia	52 (17.3)	41 (13.7)	29 (29.0)	19 (19.0)	22 (22.0)	20 (20.0)	1 (1.0)	2 (2.0)
Malignancy	2 (0.7)	5 (1.7)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (2.0)	3 (3.0)	0 (0.0)	2 (2.0)
Cardiovascular disease	8 (2.7)	10 (3.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (1.0)	2 (2.0)	7 (7.0)	8 (8.0)
Infertility	4 (1.3)	5 (1.7)	0 (0.0)	2 (2.0)	4 (4.0)	3 (3.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Depression	11 (3.7)	12 (4.0)	1 (1.0)	2 (2.0)	8 (8.0)	8 (8.0)	2 (2.0)	2 (2.0)
Anxiety	8 (2.7)	9 (3.0)	1 (1.0)	0 (0.0)	4 (4.0)	8 (8.0)	3 (3.0)	1 (1.0)
Headaches	11 (3.7)	21 (7.0)	2 (2.0)	2 (2.0)	7 (7.0)	15 (15.0)	2 (2.0)	4 (4.0)
Neuropathy	3 (1.0)	4 (1.3)	0 (0.0)	2 (2.0)	3 (3.0)	2 (2.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Autoimmune disease	34 (11.3)	38 (12.7)	2 (2.0)	2 (2.0)	14 (14.0)	16 (16.0)	18 (18.0)	20 (20.0)
Skin and dental conditions	7 (2.3)	7 (2.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (3.0)	4 (4.0)	4 (4.0)	3 (3.0)
Hair loss	5 (1.7)	2 (0.7)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (3.0)	2 (2.0)	2 (2.0)	0 (0.0)
Liver abnormalities4	6 (2.0)	11 (3.7)	1 (1.0)	2 (2.0)	3 (3.0)	6 (6.0)	2 (2.0)	3 (3.0)
Musculoskeletal symptoms	28 (9.3)	38 (12.7)	5 (5.0)	7 (7.0)	9 (9.0)	11 (11.0)	14 (14.0)	20 (20.0)

¹Denotes presence at any time point during follow-up.

²Total percentage may be greater than 100%.

³Denotes no presence for the entire follow-up period.

⁴Includes elevated alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, or alkaline phosphatase levels.