Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with hepatic angiomyolipoma: A literature review

Table 3 Reported cases of hepatic angiomyolipoma with aggressive behavior

Ref.	Sex	Age, yr	Size	Types	Treatment	Duration of follow-up	Outcome
Croquet et al[9] 2000	F	16	19 cm × 12 cm × 8 cm	Epithelioid	SR	6 yr	Recurrence in the liver, associated with renal angiomyolipoma
Dalle et al[10] 2000	F	70	15 cm	Epithelioid	SR	5 mo	Recurrence in the liver with a lesion measuring 15 cm and presence of multiple metastases in the liver
Flemming et al[11] 2000	F	51	2 nodules: 0.5 cm and 15 cm	Epithelioid	SR	3 yr	Recurrence in the right hepatic lobe and presence of multiple metastases
McKinney et al[12] 2005	F	14	11 cm × 7 cm × 8 cm	NS	SR, interferon α	1 yr	Recurrence with a hepatic lesion measuring 9 cm × 6 cm × 14 cm, appearance of lymph nodes and hepatic metastases. Death after disease progression
Parfitt et al[13] 2007	F	60	14 cm × 11 cm	Epithelioid	SR	9 yr	Recurrence in the liver and appearance of metastases in the trapezius muscle, the left lung and the tail of the pancreas
Yang et al[14] 2007	F	37	13 cm × 9 cm × 9 cm	Classic	SR	14 mo	Recurrence in the right hepatic lobe 6 months after SR, appearance of pulmonary metastases 11 mo after SR and death occurred at 14 mo
Deng et al[15] 2008	M	30	18 cm × 14 cm	Classic	SR, Chemotherapy	3 yr and 4 mo	Recurrence with a hepatic lesion measuring 11 cm and metastases in pancreatic tail and portal vein thrombosis 3 yr after SR. Chemotherapy was initiated but 4 mo later pulmonary metastases appeared. Death occurred after disease progression
Nguyen et al[16] 2008	F	43	11 cm × 7.5 cm × 7.5 cm	Classic	SR	6 mo	Recurrence in the liver 6 mo after SR, together with metastases in the peritoneum, omentum, stomach and spleen. Death after disease progression
Xu et al[17] 2009	F	33	2 nodules: 1 cm and 6 cm	Epithelioid	SR	1 yr	Recurrence in the left hepatic lobe
Zeng et al[18] 2010	NS	NS	6 cm	NS	SR	9 yr	Recurrence in the right hepatic lobe with a lesion measuring 6 cm
Butte et al[19] 2011	F;M	54; 41	NS; 9 cm	NS; Epithelioid	SR; SR	53 mo; 41 mo	Recurrence in the liver 53 mo after SR; Occurrence of pulmonary and retroperitoneal metastases 41 mo after SR
Hu et al[20] 2011	F	NS	NS	NS	SR	14 mo	Appearance of local and distant metastases 6 mo after SR. Death occurred 14 mo after SR
Ding et al[8] 2011	F	31	8 cm × 8 cm	NS	SR	7 yr	Recurrence in the right hepatic lobe 6 yr after SR and death occurred one year later
Wang et al[21] 2015	F	37	7 cm × 9 cm	Classic	SR	3 yr	Recurrence of two hepatic nodules in the right lobe (13 cm × 12 cm and 2.3 cm × 1.8 cm) 3 yr after SR. Arterial chemoembolization was performed, followed by liver transplantation
Fukuda et al[22] 2016	M	58	6.3 cm	Epithelioid	SR	9 yr	Metastases occurred in the right lung 7 yr after SR and were treated by pneumonectomy. No recurrence was observed after 2 yr of follow-up
Marcuzzi et al[23] 2018	F	47	3.8 cm × 4.6 cm × 4.7 cm+ 2 hepatic lesions measuring 6 mm and 5 mm	Epithelioid	SR	8 yr and 8 mo	CT scan was performed 6 yr and 4 mo after the initial presentation: the hepatic lesion had grown in size to an estimated 10.9 cm × 9.7 cm × 11.2 cm and the adjacent lesions had grown to 1.9 cm and 2.4 cm with a new lesion on the kidney of 4.6 cm × 5.1 cm. 16 mo later, MRI showed an increase in size of the hepatic lesion (12 cm × 11 cm), and kidney lesion (6.2 cm × 5.6 cm). SR performed 2 mo later. 6 mo after SR, recurrence in the resection line and in the hepatic segment II
Yan et al[24] 2018	NS	NS	15 cm	Epithelioid	SR	9 yr	Recurrence in the liver 9 yr after SR with invasion of the inferior vena cava and diaphragm, and appearance of pulmonary metastases

F: Female; M: Male; NS: Not specified; SR: Surgical resection; CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.