Non-alcoholic fatty liver and chronic kidney disease: Retrospect, introspect, and prospect

Table 2 Summary of studies assessing non-hepatic risk factors for chronic kidney disease in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Ref.	Risk factor(s)	Year	n	Comparison	Findings
Önnerhag et al[147]	Older age	2019	120	Biopsy-proven NAFLD vs non-NAFLD	Higher prevalence of CKD in patients ≥ 55 years old
Targher et al[20]	Diabetes mellitus	2008	2103	NAFLD and T2DM vs T2DM only	Patients with NAFLD and T2DM independently associated with increased risk of CKD (OR 1.87; 95%CI 1.3-4.1, P = 0.020)
Targher et al[33]	Diabetes mellitus	2010	301	NAFLD and T1DM vs T1DM only	Patients with NAFLD and T1DM independently associated with increased risk of CKD
Jang et al[29]	Elevated baseline eGFR, HTN, and current smoking	2018	1525	NAFLD vs Non-NAFLD	The decline in eGFR associated with NAFLD appeared to be stronger among patients who were current smokers, hypertensive, and lower eGFR at baseline

NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; T1DM: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; HTN: Hypertension.