Human hepatitis viruses-associated cutaneous and systemic vasculitis

Table 1 Common characteristics and comparative features in five members of human hepatitis viruses

	HAV	HBV	HCV	HDV1	HEV
Family; Genus	Picornaviridae Hepatovirus	Hepadnavirida Orthohepadnavirus	Flaviviridae Hepacivirus	Deltaviridae Deltavirus	Hepeviridae Orthohepevirus
Discovery2; Frequency	1983 Highest in AH	1979 Highest in CH	1989 Second in CH	1986 Less in CH	1990 Less in AH
Genome3; Length; Diameter4; Envelope5; Receptor	Linear ssRNA; 7500 nt; 27-32 nm; Quasi-envelope; Unknown	Circular dsDNA; 3200 nt; 42 nm; Envelope; NTCP, HSP	Linear ssRNA; 9600 nt; 55-65 nm; Envelope; CD81, SR-BI	Circular ssRNA; 1700 nt; 36-43 nm; Envelope; NTCP, HSP	Linear ssRNA; 7200 nt; 30-34 nm; Quasi-envelope; Unknown
Incubation; Age6; Course	14-30 d; Children; Acute	30-180 d; Any; Acute/chronic	14-180 d; Any; Acute/chronic	14-160 d; Any; Acute/chronic7	14-70 d; Adults; Acute
Route of spread	Enteric, sexual	Parental, sexual, vertical	Parental, sexual	Parental, sexual, vertical	Enteric, vertical, parenteral
Hepatitis diagnosis	Anti-HAV IgM	Anti-HBc IgM, HBs antigen, DNA by PCR	Anti-HCV IgG, RNA by PCR	Anti-HDV IgM, RNA by PCR	Anti-HEV IgM, RNA by PCR
Vaccine; Post-exp; Av agent	Available; Ig/vaccine; Not available	Available; Ig/vaccine; NA, IFN-α	Not available; Not effective; DAA agent	HBV vaccine; Not available; IFN-α	Available in China; Not available; Not available
FH8; LC/HCC; Prognosis9	Very rare; Nil; Full recovery	Very rare; Yes; Chronic carrier	Extremely rare; Yes; High carrier rate	Yes; Yes; Chronic carrier	Yes; Nil; Full recovery

¹Co-infection/superinfection with hepatitis B virus.

²By cloning and sequencing.

³Partial dsRNA in hepatitis B virus.

⁴Diameter of virion.

⁵Quasi-envelop with internal protein rather than viral glycoprotein.

⁶Commonly affected age.

⁷Progress to chronicity in 80% superinfection/5% co-infection hepatitis B virus.

⁸Up to 20% in superinfection with hepatitis B virus and pregnant women.

⁹Poorer in hepatitis B virus superinfection with hepatitis delta virus and pregnant woman with hepatitis E virus. AH: Acute hepatitis; Av: Antiviral; CH: Chronic hepatitis; DAA: Direct-acting antiviral; DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; ds: Double-stranded; Post-exp: Post-exposure; FH: Fulminant hepatitis; HBc: Hepatitis B virus core antigen; HBs: Hepatitis B virus surface antigen; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HSP: Heparan sulfate proteoglycans; IFN: Interferon; Ig: Immunoglobulins; LC: Liver cirrhosis; NA: Nucleoside/nucleotide analogues; nt: Nucleotide; NTCP: Sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide, PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; RNA: Ribonucleic acid; SR-BI: Scavenger receptor class B type I; ss: Single-stranded.