Nomograms predicting long-term survival in patients with invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: A population-based study

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate survival analyses of overall and cancer-specific survival in the training cohort

Variables	OS				CSS
	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis		Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
Age (yr)
≤ 60	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
60-69	1.33 (1.06-1.67)	0.014	1.41 (1.12-1.79)	0.003	1.10 (0.83-1.46)	0.525	1.10 (0.82-1.47)	0.512
70-79	1.74 (1.39-2.16)	< 0.001	1.68 (1.33-2.12)	< 0.001	1.22 (0.91-1.62)	0.181	1.16 (0.86-1.56)	0.344
≥ 80	2.47 (1.81-3.35)	< 0.001	2.82 (2.04-3.91)	< 0.001	1.52 (1.20-2.21)	0.007	1.81 (1.14-2.87)	0.012
Sex
Male	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Female	1.12 (0.95-1.32)	0.168	1.10 (0.92-1.31)	0. 300	1.23 (0.98-1.52)	0.068	1.27 (0.99-1.60)	0. 051
Race
White	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Others1	0.77 (0.61-0.96)	0.018	0.84 (0.67-1.06)	0.142	0.73 (0.54-0.98)	0.040	0.80 (0.59-1.08)	0.143
Marital status
Married	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Unmarried2	1.31 (1.10-1.55)	0.002	1.31 (1.10-1.57)	0.003	1.23 (1.05-1.54)	0.004	1.34 (1.05-1.71)	0.017
Grade
Well differentiated	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Moderately differentiated	1.58 (1.25-1.99)	< 0.001	1.36 (1.08-1.72)	0.001	1.77 (1.29-2.43)	< 0.001	1.39 (1.01-1.92)	0.047
Poorly differentiated/undifferentiated	2.46 (1.90-3.18)	< 0.001	1.73 (1.32-2.28)	< 0.001	2.71 (1.90-3.86)	< 0.001	1.70 (1.16-2.48)	0.006
Unknown	1.08 (0.82-1.40)	0.598	1.17 (0.89-1.55)	0.253	1.08 (0.74-1.57)	0.707	1.51 (1.02-2.23)	0.040
Tumor location
Head	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Body/tail	1.06 (0.86-1.29)	0.605	1.10 (0.83-1.45)	0.524	0.97 (0.74-1.29)	0.853	0.93 (0.62-1.37)	0.700
Others3	0.81 (0.63-1.03)	0.088	0.91 (0.69-1.20)	0.503	0.80 (0.58-1.11)	0.184	0.86 (0.60-1.24)	0.424
T stage
T1	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
T2	1.70 (1.23-2.34)	0.001	1.49 (1.03-2.14)	0.033	2.35 (1.36-4.05)	0.002	1.97 (1.09-3.56)	0.026
T3	2.84 (2.12-3.80)	< 0.001	1.94 (1.36-2.76)	< 0.001	5.38 (3.28-8.82)	< 0.001	2.63 (1.36-5.09)	0.004
T4	4.94 (3.36-7.28)	< 0.001	3.19 (2.01-5.07)	< 0.001	8.03 (5.70-12.61)	< 0.001	5.56 (2.17-14.22)	< 0.001
N stage
N0	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
N1	2.51 (2.13-2.96)	< 0.001	2.06 (1.69-2.50)	< 0.001	3.33 (2.66-4.18)	< 0.001	2.29 (1.72-3.04)	< 0.001
M stage
M0	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
M1	2.35 (1.75-3.15)	< 0.001	1.47 (1.03-2.08)	0.032	2.77 (1.93-3.98)	< 0.001	2.65 (1.29-5.44)	0.008
Clinical stage
I	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
II	2.37 (1.94-2.89)	< 0.001	1.13 (0.90-1.41)	0.377	2.72 (1.79-3.96)	< 0.001	1.66 (0.96-2.88)	0.071
III	3.55 (2.38-5.29)	< 0.001	1.59 (0.74-3.42)	0.235	3.79 (2.53-7.49)	< 0.001	1.78 (0.66-4.81)	0.253
IV	4.28 (3.08-5.96)	< 0.001	1.72 (0.85-3.81)	0.176	4.99 (3.58-9.68)	< 0.001	1.89 (0.82-4.63)	0.155
Tumor size
< 3 cm	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
3-6 cm	1.66 (1.38-2.00)	< 0.001	1.13 (0.91-1.40)	0.261	1.80 (1.40-2.31)	< 0.001	1.07 (0.81-1.41)	0.645
> 6 cm	1.25 (1.04-1.74)	0.023	1.03 (0.77-1.37)	0.848	1.43 (1.01-2.00)	0.041	1.06 (0.74-1.54)	0.741
Surgical type
Partial/localized pancreatectomy	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Total pancreatectomy	0.90 (0.67-1.21)	0.496	0.97 (0.69-1.35)	0.846	0.78 (0.53-1.16)	0.224	0.75 (0.48-1.17)	0.201
Extensive pancreatoduodenectomy	0.96 (0.77-1.19)	0.716	0.96 (0.71-1.29)	0.767	0.97 (0.73-1.29)	0.815	0.95 (0.64-1.42)	0.809
Radiotherapy
None	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Adjuvant radiotherapy solely	1.25 (1.04-1.50)	0.015	1.13 (0.90-1.42)	0.303	1.45 (1.14-1.83)	0.002	1.14 (0.86-1.52)	0.430
Others4	0.75 (0.44-1.28)	0.290	0.78 (0.44-1.36)	0.376	1.01 (0.52-1.98)	0.966	0.76 (0.37-1.53)	0.440
Chemotherapy
No/unknown	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Yes	0.64 (0.55-0.76)	< 0.001	0.72 (0.58-0.89)	0.002	1.27 (1.02-1.58)	0.036	0.70 (0.53-0.92)	0.012

¹Including Black, Asian, Pacific Islander, American Indian, and Alaska Native;

²Including single (never married), widowed, and divorced;

³Including pancreatic duct, overlapping lesion of the pancreas, and other specified parts of the pancreas;

⁴Including neoadjuvant radiotherapy, and radiotherapy before and after surgery. OS: Overall survival; CSS: Cancer-specific survival; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.