Invasive fungal infection before and after liver transplantation

Table 1 Studies assessing the prevalence of invasive fungal disease in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure

Ref.	Study design	Diagnostic criteria for IFD	Prevalence of IFD	Outcome	Risk factors for IFD
Verma et al[11], 2019	Single-center, retrospective study on ICU patients from India	EORTC/MSG diagnostic criteria	39/264 (14.7%). 11 (28%) proven. 25 (64%) IC and 14 (36%) IA	In-hospital mortality 77%	Hemodialysis. Prior antibiotic use
Fernández et al[12], 2018	Multi-center, prospective study on non-ICU ACLF patients across Europe	EORTC/MSG diagnostic criteria	8/407 (1.9%). 7 (87%) IC. 1 (13%) IA	28-d and 90-d mortality 57% and 71%, respectively	NR
Theocharidou et al[13]1, 2016	Analysis from prospectively collected database on ICU patients across the United Kingdom	EORTC/MSG diagnostic criteria (only proven IFD considered for the analysis)	8/782 (1%)	In-ICU and in-hospital mortality 0%	NR
Chen et al[14]2, 2013	Retrospective single center study from China on IA	EORTC/MSG diagnostic criteria	39/787 (4.9%)	Cumulative mortality 61%	Age. Hepatic encephalopathy. Steroid use
Lin et al[15]2, 2013	Single center retrospective study from non-ICU hepatitis B cirrhotic patients from China	EORTC/MSG diagnostic criteria	60/126 (47.6%). Proven IFD: 14 (23%). 9 (64%) C. Albicans 2 (14%) Criptococcus neoformans: 1 (7%) C. Tropicalis; 1 (7%) C. Glabrata; 1 (7%) IA	Cumulative mortality 40%	Hepatitis B viral load
Levesque et al[16], 2019	Single center retrospective study on ICU patients with cirrhosis and IA in France	EORTC/MSG diagnostic criteria	60/362 (16.6%). 43/60 (71.7%) fulfilled ACLF criteria. 17/60 (28%) had IA	IA associated cumulative in-hospital mortality 71%	NR

¹The manuscript did not extensively classify patients according to acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) criteria.

²This study used the APASL criteria for ACLF diagnosis. Colonizations are not reported. ACLF: Acute-on-chronic liver failure; IA: Invasive aspergillosis; IC: Invasive candidiasis; IFD: Invasive fungal disease; NR: Not reported; ICU: Intensive care unit; EORTC: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; MSG: Mycoses Study Group.