Prevalence and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis

Table 4 Results of mixed model analysis to identify factors associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Crohn’s disease patients

Confounder model
Variable	Estimate	95%CI	P value
Female sex	0.70	0.09-1.31	0.293
Age at abdominal ultrasound (in years)	1.07	1.04-1.09	< 0.001c
BMI at abdominal ultrasound (in years)	1.32	1.30-1.34	< 0.001c
Diabetes mellitus	2.36	0.11-4.61	0.509
Hypertension	0.78	-0.07-1.62	0.586
Dyslipidemia	10.82	8.85-12.80	0.049a
Current smoking	1.91	1.28-2.53	0.109
Steroid use	0.74	0.27-1.21	0.287
Parameters included in model with age and BMI
Elevated HBI	2.99	2.41-3.58	< 0.001c
Inflammation in colonoscopy	16.40	14.59-18.11	0.002b
Inflammation in bowel ultrasound	1.46	1.30-1.61	0.344
Elevated CRP concentration	1.17	1.01-1.33	0.502
Elevated white blood cell count	0.96	0.10-1.12	0.295
Elevated fecal calprotectin concentration	1.34	1.19-1.50	0.455
History of bowel resection(s)	2.03	1.42-2.64	0.023a
Biologic treatment	1.01	0.85-1.17	0.959
Adalimumab treatment	1.09	0.93-1.25	0.709
Infliximab treatment	1.64	1.48-1.79	0.135
Vedolizumab treatment	1.40	1.24-1.56	0.523
Ustekinumab treatment	1.13	0.01-2.25	0.833
Golimumab treatment	1.34	1.19-1.50	0.874
Azathioprine therapy	1.98	1.36-2.61	0.031a
Methotrexate treatment	1.15	0.99-1.30	0.843
6-Mercaptopurine treatment	1.08	0.92-1.24	0.940
Sulfasalazine treatment	0.53	0.38-0.69	0.310
Mesalazine treatment	1.14	0.98-1.29	0.688

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001. BMI: Body mass index; CRP: C-reactive protein; HBI: Harvey bradshaw index; CI: Confidence interval.