Hepatocellular carcinoma after direct-acting antiviral hepatitis C virus therapy: A debate near the end

Table 1 De novo hepatocellular carcinoma incidence after direct-acting antiviral treatment

Ref.	Type of study	Patient (n) and characteristics	Follow-up time	De novo HCC incidence
Conti et al[14]	Retrospective study	Cirrhotic patients treated with DAAs (n = 285)	Mean FU: 5.6 mo	3.16%
Ravi et al[33]	Retrospective study	Cirrhotic patients treated with DAAs (n = 66)	From SOT to 6 mo after EOT	9.1%
Singer et al[34]	Retrospective study	DAA-treated (n = 30183), IFN-treated (n = 12948), untreated (n = 137502)	Mean FU: 1.05 yr	1.18 per 100 PY
Nahon et al[43]	Retrospective study	All compensated cirrhotic patients DAA-treated (n = 336), IFN-treated with SVR (n = 495), IFN-treated without SVR (n = 439)	Median FU: 21.2 mo (IQR: 13.5-26.9)	2.6 per 100 PY
Ioannou et al[35]	Retrospective study	DAA-treated (n = 21948), IFN-treated (n = 35871), DAA + IFN treated (n = 4535)	Mean FU: 6.1 yr	1.32 per 100 PY
Kanwal et al[37]	Retrospective study	DAA-treated (n = 22500)	Mean FU: 1.02 yr	1.18 per 100 PY
Cheung et al[42]	Prospectivestudy	DAA-treated (n = 406), untreated (n = 261)	Median FU: 18 mo	4%
Calleja et al[38]	Retrospectivestudy	DAA-treated (n = 3325)	Mean FU: 18 mo	11.3%
Mettke et al[44]	Prospective study	DAA-treated (n = 158), untreated (n = 184)	Median FU: 440 d	2.90 per 100 PY
Carrat et al[45]	Prospectivestudy	DAA-treated (n = 7344), untreated (n = 2551)	Median FU: 33.4 mo (IQR: 24.0-40.7)	1.40 per 100 PY
Janjua et al[36]	Retrospective study	IFN-treated (n = 8871), DAA-treated (n = 3905)	Median FU: 1.0 yr	6.9 per 1000 PY
Poordad et al[46]	Prospective study	DAA-treated (n = 2211)	156 wk from EOT	1.4%
Sangiovanni et al[47]	Prospective study	DAA-treated (n = 1285)	Mean FU: 17 mo	3.1 per 100 PY
Kanwal et al[39]	Retrospective study	DAA-treated (n = 18076)	Mean FU: 2.9 yr	3%
Romano et al[48]	Prospective study	DAA-treated (n = 3917)	Median FU: 523 d, (IQR: 381-699 d)	0.97 per 100 PY
Tani et al[40]	Retrospective study	DAA-treated (n = 1088)	Median FU: 13.8 mo	2.38%
Watanabe et al[41]	Retrospective study	DAA-treated (n = 1438)	Median FU: 803 d	3.82%

DAA: Direct-acting antivirals; SOT: Start of treatment; FU: Follow-up; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; IFN: Interferon; IQR: Interquartile range; PY: Person-year; EOT: End of treatment; SVR: Sustained viral response.