Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and gastrointestinal morbidity in a large cohort of young adults

Table 3 Association of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reason for referrals to a gastrointestinal specialist by specific symptom

Gastroenterologist referrals	Gastrointestinal symptom	RR	95%CI	P value
	Perianal symptoms	1.69	1.32-2.15	< 0.001
	Heartburn and GERD	2.15	1.88-2.45	< 0.001
	Bowel habit changes	2.04	1.36-3.06	0.001
	Nausea and vomiting	2.53	2.21-2.89	< 0.001
	Weight loss	1.88	1.34-2.64	< 0.001
	Abdominal pain	1.94	1.84-2.04	< 0.001
	Rectal bleeding and melena	1.62	1.39-1.89	< 0.001
	Abdominal gas and bloating	1.58	1.13-2.22	0.008
	Diarrhea	2.05	1.88-2.23	< 0.001
	Abdominal mass	0.98	0.30-3.24	0.973
	Others	2.72	1.56-4.77	< 0.001
	Overall	1.96	1.88-2.03	< 0.001

CI: Confidence intervals; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; OR: Odds ratio; RR: Rate ratio.