Trends and risk factors of elderly-onset Crohn’s disease: A nationwide cohort study

Figure 2 Forrest plots showing lifestyle parameters as environmental risk factors of Crohn’s disease. Adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, body mass index, anemia, chronic kidney disease and dyslipidemia. A: Setting non-smoker as the reference, ex-smokers demonstrated an increased risk of CD in both age groups after adjusting for age and sex; B: In the middle-aged group, those who consumed more alcohol showed a decreased risk for CD compared with non-drinkers, however, In the elderly, mild drinkers (≤ 30 g/d) showed a decreased risk for CD but the status of heavy drinkers (> 30 g) did not show statistical significance; C: Regular exercise demonstrated a protective effect against CD in the middle-aged group; D: A BMI of > 25 kg/m² was a protective factor against CD in the population older than 40 years. BMI < 18.5 kg/m² posed a relatively higher risk of CD development than BMI > 25 kg/m². Ref: Reference; CI: Confidence interval.