Molecular mechanisms of viral hepatitis induced hepatocellular carcinoma

Figure 4 Relating the hallmarks of cancer to the molecular mechanisms of hepatitis B virus and delta virus hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatitis B virus can activate all ten hallmarks of cancer using viral proteins (HBx, HBsAg, HBeAg, HBcAg) and DNA integration. Hepatitis delta virus has been linked to four hallmarks, primarily through molecular mechanisms manipulated by the large and small hepatitis delta virus antigens (L-HDAg and S-HDAg). HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HDV: Hepatitis delta virus; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.