Etiology and management of liver injury in patients with COVID-19

Table 2 Characteristics of liver injury in coronavirus disease 2019

Ref.	City	Sample size (n)	Disease severity	Preexisting liver diseases (%)	AST (U/L)	ALT (U/L)	LDH (U/L)	Percentage with abnormal liver function
Guan et al[4]	Multicenter, China	1099	Nonsevere (84.3%); severe (15.7%)	2.1	NA	NA	NA	AST (22.2%); ALT (21.3%); total bilirubin (10.5%); LDH (41.0%)
Zhou et al[5]	Wuhan, China	191	General (38%); severe (35%); critical (28%)	NA	NA	30 (17-46)	300 (234-407)	ALT (31%); LDH (67%); ALT and LDH significantly increased in nonsurvivors
Chen et al[9]	Wuhan, China	99	NA	NA	34 (26-48)	39 (22-53)	336 (260-447)	AST (28%); ALT (35%); total bilirubin (18%); LDH (76%)
Shi et al[10]	Wuhan, China	81	NA	9	40.8 ± 17.9	46.2 ± 29.5	NA	AST (53%)
Huang et al[11]	Wuhan, China	41	Nonsevere (68.3%); severe (31.7%)	2	34 (26-48)	32 (21-50)	286 (242-408)	AST (37%); LDH (73%); ALT, AST, and LDH levels in ICU patients significantly higher than those in non-ICU patients
Wu et al[12]	Jiangsu, China	80	Mild (35.0%); moderate (61.25%); severe (3.75%); critical (0%)	1.25	30 (19-39)	24 (12-38)	226 (182-308)	ALT or AST (3.75%); LDH (21.25%)
Xu et al[13]	Zhejiang, China	62	NA	11	26 (20-32)	22 (14-34)	205 (184-260.5)	AST (16.1%); LDH (27%)
Yang et al[14]	Wuhan, China	52	Critical (100%)	NA	NA	NA	NA	Liver dysfunction (29%)
Wang et al[15]	Wuhan, China	138	Nonsevere (73.9%); severe (26.1%)	2.9	31 (24-51)	24 (16-40)	261 (182-403)	ALT, AST, total bilirubin, LDH levels in ICU patients significantly higher than those in non-ICU patients
Liu et al[17]	Multicenter, China	32	Nonsevere (87.5%); severe (12.5%)	3.13	25 (19-32)	27 (17-46)	NA	AST (6.2%); ALT (28.1%)
Pan et al[18]	Wuhan, China	21	Nonsevere (100%)	NA	32 (15-95)	42 (12-107)	242 (156-377)	NA
Zhang et al[19]	Wuhan, China	115	Nonsevere (73.0%); severe (27.0%)	NA	28.30 ± 15.66	25.71 ± 21.08	222.77 ± 159.07	ALT (9.6%); AST (14.8%); ALP (5.2%); GGT (13.0%); TB (6.1%); LDH (22.6%)
Xie et al[20]	Wuhan, China	79	Moderate (64.6%); severe (35.4%)	NA	34.5 (25.3-55.3)	36.5 (17.5-71.5)	NA	ALT (31.6%); AST (35.4%); TB (5.1%)
Wu etal[21]	Wuhan, China	201	NA	3.5	33 (26-45)	31 (19.75-47.00)	307.5 (232.25-389.25)	NA
Chen et al[22]	Wuhan, China	274	Recovered (58.8%); died (41.2%)	4	23 (15-38)	30 (22-46)	321.5 (249.8-510.5)	ALT (22%); AST (31%); LDH (42%)
Lei et al[23]	Wuhan, China	5771	Nonsevere (79.4%); severe (20.6%)	1.4	24 (17-35)	24 (15.1-39)	NA	NA

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; ICU: Intensive care unit.