Predictive value of alarm symptoms in patients with Rome IV dyspepsia: A cross-sectional study

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analysis of various predictive variables for organic upper gastrointestinal diseases

Characteristics	FD, n = 266	Organic upper GI disease, n = 24	Univariate analysis	Multivariate analysis
			P value	OR	95%CI	P value
Age in yr	49.6 ± 12.9	54.8 ± 14.8	0.071	1.056	1.012-1.101	0.012
BMI in kg/m2	21.9 ± 3.5	21.5 ± 2.1	0.635
Gender, M/F	107/159	10/14	1.000
Race, Han/minority	262/4	24/0	1.000
Location, Shaanxi/other	226/40	19/5	0.553
Job category			0.629
Physical	90 (33.8)	8 (33.3)
Mental	67 (25.2)	4 (16.7)
Middle	70 (26.3)	9 (37.5)
Retire	39 (14.7)	3 (12.5)
Marriage			0.136
Never married	13 (4.9)	3 (12.5)
Married	253 (95.1)	21 (87.5)
Daily exercise			0.128
< 1/2 h	18 (6.8)	0 (0)
1/2-1 h	69 (25.9)	3 (12.5)
1-2 h	35 (13.2)	6 (25.0)
> 2 h	144 (54.1)	15 (62.5)
Spicy food	145 (54.5)	14 (58.3)	0.719
Smoking			0.024
< half pack a day	235 (88.3)	17 (70.8)
> half pack a day	31 (11.7)	7 (29.2)		4.714	1.569-14.16	0.006
Alcohol	50 (18.8)	5 (20.8)	0.788
Sleep, good/bad	168/98	16/8	0.827
Outpatient cost			0.363
< 500	1 (0.4)	0
500-1000	40 (15.0)	1 (4.2)
1000-3000	76 (28.6)	7 (29.2)
3000-5000	29 (10.9)	1 (4.2)
> 5000	120 (45.1)	15 (62.5)
Educational level			0.789
Elementary and below	122 (45.9)	12 (50.0)
High school	61 (22.9)	5 (20.8)
College	73 (27.4)	7 (29.2)
Postgraduate and above	10 (3.8)	0
Previous visits			0.637
0	80 (30.1)	9 (37.5)
1	49 (18.4)	4 (16.7)
2	20 (7.5)	3 (12.5)
≥ 3	117 (44.0)	8 (33.3)
Weight loss			0.380
No	199 (74.8)	16 (66.7)
< 7 lb	30 (11.3)	5 (20.8)
≥ 7 lb	37 (13.9)	3 (12.5)
Anemia, yes/no	0/266	5/19	< 0.001	88.27	15.486-∞	< 0.001
Anorexia, yes/no	66/200	9/15	0.222
Vomiting, yes/no	14/252	3/21	0.156
Melena, yes/no	16/250	3/21	0.200
Dysphagia, yes/no	1/265	1/23	0.159
Family history			0.627
None	235 (88.3)	22 (91.7)
Esophagus cancer	10 (3.8)	0
Gastric cancer	15 (5.6)	2 (8.3)
Other	6 (2.3)	0
Alarm symptoms			0.038
No	125 (47.0)	6 (25.0)
Yes	141 (53.0)	18 (75.0)
Number of alarm symptoms			0.009
0	125 (47.0)	6 (25.0)
1	96 (36.1)	10 (41.7)
2	37 (13.9)	4 (16.7)
3	7 (2.6)	3 (12.5)
4	1 (0.4)	1 (4.2)

Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation or n (%). BMI: Body mass index; M: Male; F: Female; FD: Functional dyspepsia; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.