Predictive model for acute abdominal pain after transarterial chemoembolization for liver cancer

Table 3 Effects of variables on outcomes (univariate analysis)

Variable	No pain/mild pain (n = 485)	Moderate pain/severe pain (n = 97)	P value
Age (yr), mean ± SD	60.79 ± 11.39	56.87 ± 10.99	0.002
Sex (%)			0.870
Female	68 (14)	13 (13.4)
Male	417 (86)	84 (86.6)
Disease type (%)			0.010
No surgery	298 (61.4)	73 (75.3)
Recurrence after surgery	187 (38.6)	24 (24.7)
TACE history (%)	293 (60.4)	40 (41.2)	< 0.001
History of abdominal pain after TACE (%)	51 (10.5)	22 (22.7)	< 0.001
Pathological properties (%)			0.110
HCC	231 (47.6)	49 (50.5)
ICC	8 (1.6)	5 (5.2)
Unknown	224 (46.2)	41 (42.3)
Other	22 (4.5)	2 (2.1)
Tumor location (distance to liver capsule) (%)			0.085
> 1 cm	245 (81.40)	50 (90.91)
≤ 1 cm	56 (18.60)	5 (9.09)
Tumor size (%)			< 0.001
≤ 5 cm	294 (60.6)	40 (41.2)
> 5 cm	191 (39.4)	57 (58.8)
Number of tumors (%)			0.010
≤ 2 (non-multiple)	175 (36.1)	22 (22.7)
> 2 (multiple)	310 (63.9)	75 (77.3)
Invasion of blood vessels (%)	131 (27)	45 (46.4)	< 0.001
Blank microsphere (%)	112 (23.1)	26 (26.8)	0.430
Polyvinyl alcohol particles (%)	54 (11.1)	9 (9.3)	0.590
Method of TACE (%)			< 0.001
Traditional TACE	296 (61)	40 (41.2)
DEB-TACE	189 (39)	57 (58.8)
Prophylactic analgesics (%)			0.780
Parecoxib Na	58 (12)	16 (16.5)
Flurbiprofen	97 (20)	15 (15.5)
Dezocine	209 (43.1)	43 (44.3)
Pentazocine	24 (4.9)	5 (5.2)
None	48 (9.9)	10 (10.3)
Two painkillers	49 (10.1)	8 (8.2)
Number of TACE, median (IQR)	2 (1, 3)	1 (1, 2)	< 0.001
Dosage of lipiodol, median (IQR)	3 (0, 6)	0 (0, 8)	0.179

TACE: Transarterial hepatic chemoembolization; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; ICC: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; PVA: Polyvinyl alcohol; DEB: Drug-eluting beads; IQR: Interquartile range.