Risk factors associated with inflammatory bowel disease: A multicenter case-control study in Brazil

Table 2 Significant variables obtained from the comparative univariate and multiple multinomial logistic analysis between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, with healthy control as reference

Characteristics		Univariate multinomial logistic model1				Multiple multinomial logistic model1
		CD		UC		CD		UC
		OR	P value	OR	P value	OR	P value	OR	P value
State of Brazil	Rio de Janeiro	2.18	< 0.001	0.97	0.881	1.84	0022	0.84	0.486
	São Paulo	2.99	< 0.001	1.48	0.107	2.41	0.002	1.27	0.399
	Min Minas Gerais	3.33	< 0.001	1.25	0.388	2.61	0.001	1.28	0.400
	Bahia	1.00	0.994	0.76	0.215	0.98	0.941	0.69	0.156
	Piauí	1.15	0.539	0.83	0.388	0.92	0.736	0.81	0.376
	Federal District	1		1		1		1
Age at enrollment (yr)	< 40	1.49	0.003	0.75	0.038	1.75	0.001	1.14	0.462
	> 40	1		1		1		1
Sex	Male	0.71	0.008	0.52	< 0.001	0.75	0.052	0.59	< 0.001
	Female	1		1		1		1
Ethnicity	White	1.76	< 0.001	1.19	0.208	1.21	0.227	1.08	0.620
	Non-white	1		1		1		1
Educational level	Elementary school	0.57	0.004	1.16	0.471	0.48	0.004	0.68	0.147
	High school	0.79	0.225	1.00	0.989	0.74	0.187	0.83	0.448
	Higher education	1		1		1		1
Monthly family income (minimum wages)	Up to 3	1.19	0.304	1.68	0.004	1.79	0.007	1.61	0.032
	3 to 5	1.03	0.884	1.17	0.435	1.25	0.311	1.13	0.587
	5 or more	1		1		1		1
	Not stated	0.61	0.038	0.64	0.081	0.94	0.826	0.77	0.350
Living condition	Inadequate	0.89	0.404	1.52	0.004	1.17	0.411	1.47	0.046
	Adequate	1		1		1		1
Cohabitants (n)3	Up to 1	1.55	0.020	1.50	0.032	1.07	0.764	1.20	0.400
	2 to 3	1.78	< 0.001	1.53	0.006	1.67	0.002	1.57	0.007
	4 to 8	1		1		1		1
Cohabitants (n)2	1 a 3	1.91	0.001	0.89	0.569	1.17	0.518	0.99	0.954
	4 a 6	1.26	0.109	0.83	0.201	1.02	0.887	0.90	0.514
	7 or more	1		1		1		1
Rural living	No	1.61	< 0.001	1.02	0.890	1.37	0.080	1.66	0.004
	Yes	1		1		1		1
Consumption of treated water2	No	0.65	0.001	1.70	< 0.001	0.71	0.037	1.52	0.012
	Yes	1		1		1		1
Vaccination	No	1.91	0.008	2.53	< 0.001	3.08	< 0.001	2.46	0.001
	Yes	1		1		1		1
Infectious disease2	No	1.80	0.012	1.21	0.444	1.99	0.007	1.44	0.178
	Yes	1		1		1		1
Bowel infection	No	0.57	< 0.001	0.65	0.001	0.56	< 0.001	0.68	0.009
	Yes	1		1		1		1
Appendectomy	No	0.56	0.025	3.54	0.002	0.63	0.103	4.89	< 0.001
	Yes	1		1		1		1
Exposure to tobacco	Never	1.14	0.567	1.57	0.079	1.05	0.840	1.52	0.132
	Former	1.43	0.141	3.37	< 0.001	1.75	0.039	3.40	< 0.001
	Current	1		1		1		1
Familial IBD	No	0.20	< 0.001	0.33	< 0.001	0.19	< 0.001	0.30	< 0.001
	Yes	1		1		1		1
	Not stated	0.58	0.259	0.54	0.234	0.55	0.248	0.41	0.106

¹Category of reference = healthy control.

²Childhood.

³Adulthood. IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; OR: Odd ratios.