Non-invasive tests for the prediction of primary hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 2 Studies reporting the role of fibrosis-4 index in predicting hepatocellular carcinoma

Ref.	Etiology	Patients (n)	Follow-up (mo)	Region	HCC (n)	AUROC	Cut-offs
Park et al[44], 2011	HIV with HCV, HBV, ALD	22980	-	United States	112	-	1.45–3.25; > 3.25
Chon et al[49], 2012	HBV	1126	30.7	Asia	63	0.744	-
Tamaki et al[50], 2014	HCV	1046	76.8 – 70.8	Asia	119	0.61	> 3.25; > 3.25 + ΔFIB-4/ year ≥ 0.3; ΔFIB-4/ year ≥ 0.3
Ito et al[51], 2015	HCV	516	135.6	Asia	60	-	2.0-4.0; > 4
Toyoda et al[52], 2015	HCV SVR	522	86.4	Asia	18	-	> 2 (at SVR24)
Suh et al[47], 2015	HBV	986	64.8	Asia	-	-	1.7–2.4; > 2.4
Suh et al[46], 2015	ALD	6661	74.4	Asia	-	-	1.75 –2.1; > 2.1
Kim et al[36], 2016	HBV	542	60	Asia	68	0.803	2.225
Fusco et al[53], 2016	HBV, HCV, none	4492	96	Europe	22	-	3.25
Tseng et al[48], 2017	HBV naive HBV NU	2075 (+532)	192.2	Asia	137 (+10)	0.75	1.29
Nishikawa et al[23], 2017	HBV	338	60	Asia	33	0.768	3.666
Butt et al[54], 2017	HCV	21116	12/36/60	United States	-	0.81 - 0.82	1.45
Kim et al[26], 2018	ALD	924	36	Asia	83	0.69	3.5
Chang et al[25], 2018	HCV no SVR	800	53.5	Asia	100	-	2.83
Peleg et al[55], 2018	NAFLD	153	100	Israel	6	-	2.67
Song et al[27], 2018	HBV	1014	46.8	Asia	37	-	1.45
Paik et al[16], 2018	HBV	1006	61.2	Asia	36	0.71	1.45
Kanwal et al[45], 2019	HCV SVR post-DAA	18076	43,8	United States	544	-	3.25; 1.45
Ioannou et al[56], 2019	HCV SVR	48135	64.8	United States	1509	-	3.25
Alexander et al[57], 2019	NAFLD	63971 (Fib-4 available)	39.6	Europe	-	-	2.67
Na et al[20], 2019	HCV SVR	295	89.2	Asia	12	0.86 0.85	3.25 (pre-SVR); 2.5 (SVR)
Li et al[58], 2019	HCV	711	-	Asia	249	0.961	2.18
Watanabe et al[59], 2019	HCV SVR post -DAA	1174	17.9	Asia	35	-	4
Degasperi et al[60], 2019	HCV SVR post -DAA	565	25	Europe	48	-	9
Kim et al[32], 2020	HBV	444	84	Asia	25	0.753 (60 mo); 0.698 (84 mo)	3.25

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; AUROC: Area under receiving operating characteristics curve; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HCV: Hepatitis virus C; HBV: Hepatitis virus B; ALD: Alcoholic liver disease; ∆: Delta; SVR: Sustained virologic response; NU: Nucleoside analogues; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; DAA: Direct acting antiviral agents.