Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2020.
World J Gastroenterol. May 28, 2020; 26(20): 2514-2532
Published online May 28, 2020. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i20.2514
Table 3 List of altered metabolites’ levels identified in urine samples of gastrointestinal cancer patients vs to healthy controls
U
PC[76]PC[77]CRC[79]CRC[80]GC[78]GC[81]
1-methylnicotinamide↑1↓2↓
2-furoylglycine↑
2-hydroxyisobutyrate↑
2-oxobutyrate↑
2-phenylacetamide↑
3-aminoisobutyrate↑↑
3-hydroxyisovalerate↓↑
4-hydroxyphenylacetate↑↑
4-pyridoxate↑
Acetate↑
Acetoacetate↑↑
Acetone↑↑
Acetylated compounds↑
Alanine↓↑↑↑
Aminobutyrate↑
Arginine↑
Ascorbate↓
Asparagine↓
Betaine↑
Choline↑↓
Cis-aconitate↑↑
Citrate↓↓
Creatinine↓↓↓
Cysteine↓
Dimethylamine↑↓
Dimethyl sulfone↓
Formate↑↑
Fucose↑
Glucose↑↑
Glutamine↑
Glycerol↓
Glycine↓↑
Glycolate↑
Guanido-acetate↑
Hippurate↓↓↓
Histidine↑
Homocysteine↑
Hypoxanthine↑↓
Indoxyl sulfate↑
Isocitrate↓
Lactate↑
Leucine↑↑
Mannitol↑
Methanol↓
Methionine↑
Methylamine↓
N-acetyl serotonin↑
N-methyl hydantoin↑
O-acetyl carnitine↑↑
Phenylacetyl glycine↑
Phenylalanine↓↑
Putrescine↑
Succinate↑
Sucrose↑
Taurine↑↑↑
Threonine↓
Threonine↑
TMAO↑
Trans-aconitate↑↑↑
Trigonelline↓↓
Tryptophan↑
Tyrosine↑
Urea↑
Valine↑
Xylose↑
1↑Higher metabolite levels in gastrointestinal cancers.
2↓Lower metabolite levels in gastrointestinal cancers. U: Urine; TMAO: Trimetlylamine oxide; CRC: Colorectal cancer; PC: Pancreatic cancer.