Assessment of lncRNA GAS5, lncRNA HEIH, lncRNA BISPR and its mRNA BST2 as serum innovative non-invasive biomarkers: Recent insights into Egyptian patients with hepatitis C virus type 4

Table 1 Demographic and clinical data of the study participants

Parameters	Healthy control	Naïve	SOF + SIM	SOF + DAC	SOF + DAC + RBV	Relapsed
	(n = 20)	(n = 30)	(n = 30)	(n = 20)	(n = 20)	(n = 30)
Age (yr)	40.2 ± 5	44.3 ± 6.9	42.2 ± 6.7	42.8 ± 7.2	39.7 ± 5.1	44.1 ± 6.5
Gender (M/F)	16/4	26/4	27/3	19/1	19/1	25/5
ALT (IU/L)	9.2 ± 6.2	37.2 ± 25b	18.7 ± 8.2ad	17.6 ± 5.6ad	26.7 ± 2.4adeg	23.7 ± 6.9d
AST (IU/L)	10.3 ± 4.2	34.4 ± 16.4b	27.4 ± 13.7bc	26.9 ± 6.9bc	32.7 ± 5.2b	23.3 ± 6.3d
Albumin (g/dL)	3.8 ± 0.27	2.7 ± 0.43b	3.2 ± 0.5bd	3.9 ± 0.3dh	4 ± 0.4adh	3 ± 0.4d
ALP (IU/L)	53.7 ± 6.8	130.6 ± 21b	86.1 ± 16bd	78.4 ± 16bd	81.2 ± 12.4bd	99.4 ± 11.2bf
Bilirubin (mg/dL)	0.9 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.4a	1.2 ± 0.5b	1.1 ± 0.4	0.9 ± 0.3ce	1.2 ± 0.4
INR	1.06 ± 0.07	1.4 ± 0.25b	1.5 ± 0.25b	1.3 ± 0.19b	1.2 ± 0.22adfh	1.4 ± 0.27
AFP (ng/mL)	7.6 ± 1.3	15 ± 8.6b	7.3 ± 0.8d	7 ± 1d	6.9 ± 1d	32 ± 9.6bf
PT	11.7 ± 0.5	14.8 ± 2b	13.7 ± 1.4bd	13.1 ± 1.2bd	12.6 ± 1.5de	14.1 ± 1.1
Viral load (log copies/mL)	0	6.47 ± 0.7c	0d	0d	0d	6.38 ± 0.39f

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01, vs control group;

^cP < 0.05,

^dP < 0.01, vs naïve group;

^eP < 0.05,

^fP < 0.01, vs SOF + SIM group;

^gP < 0.05,

^hP < 0.01, vs SOF + DAC group. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD. The data were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD multiple comparison test. Naïve: Hepatitis C virus naïve patients without any treatment; SOF + SIM: Hepatitis C virus-infected patients treated with sovaldi and simeprevir; SOF + DAC: Hepatitis C virus-infected patients treated with combined therapy sovaldi and daclatasvir; SOF + DAC + RBV: Hepatitis C virus-infected patients treated with triplet therapy sovaldi, daclatasvir and ribavirin; Relapsed: Relapsed HCV patients from SOF + SIM treatment; ALT: Alanine aminotransferases; AST: Aspartate aminotransferases; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; INR: International normalized ratio AFP: Alfa fetoprotein; PT: Prothrombin time.