Prevalence, clinical characteristics, risk factors, and indicators for lean Chinese adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

Characteristic	LNN (n = 668)	LN (n = 142)	ONN (n = 135)	ON (n = 519)	P value
					LN-LNN	LN-ONN	LN-ON
Age (yr)	55.81 ± 7.92	54.33 ± 9.24	58.83 ± 6.96	56.44 ± 7.26	0.258	0.000	0.049
Male sex, n (%)	310 (46.4%)	60 (42.3%)	54 (40.0%)	202 (38.9%)	0.283	0.307	0.199
BMI (kg/m2)	21.23 ± 1.33	21.74 ± 1.01	26.69 ± 2.27	27.98 ± 2.84	0.000	0.000	0.000
Waist circumference (cm)	73.49 ± 5.66	76.27 ± 6.03	88.22 ± 5.53	90.8 ± 6.53	0.000	0.915	0.000
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.83 ± 0.06	0.84 ± 0.05	0.85 ± 0.06	0.92 ± 0.1	0.115	0.839	0.000
Waist-to-height ratio	0.46 ± 0.03	0.48 ± 0.03	0.51 ± 0.03	0.58 ± 0.04	0.002	0.000	0.000
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	130.75 ± 17.05	137.81 ± 7.14	137.52 ± 17.43	142.85 ± 18.44	0.984	0.639	0.099
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	80.14 ± 9.63	85.22 ± 9.93	84.24 ± 9.62	87.09 ± 10.31	0.035	0.045	0.344
Hypertension, n (%)	136 (20.4%)	52 (36.6%)	41 (30.4%)	270 (52.0%)	0.000	0.037	0.750
MetS, n (%)	85 (12.7%)	45 (31.7%)	42 (31.1%)	387 (74.6%)	0.026	0.987	0.000
Hb (g/L)	127.12 ± 14.81	129.98 ± 16.18	125.28 ± 13.17	130.01 ± 16.71	0.046	0.023	0.991
PLT (109/L)	171.54 ± 46.53	186.61 ± 50.94	172.26 ± 52.14	189.18 ± 57.18	0.018	0.045	0.742
ALT (U/L)	19.71 ± 3.69	28.21 ± 14.69	23.09 ± 11.38	31.57 ± 19.01	0.016	0.583	0.288
AST (U/L)	23.44 ± 11.88	24.95 ± 7.58	23.38 ± 6.1	26.15 ± 9.34	0.323	0.099	0.342
AKP (U/L)	65.24 ± 19.05	72.14 ± 15.99	62.26 ± 19.65	76.35 ± 22.97	0.124	0.074	0.368
GGT (U/L)	19.51 ± 3.89	24.31 ± 14.28	39.33 ± 43.73	46.87 ± 31.4	0.128	0.141	0.002
LDH (U/L)	162.23 ± 25.23	175.86 ± 27.05	172.09 ± 34.15	173.05 ± 26.8	0.019	0.689	0.684
ALB (g/L)	45.74 ± 2.67	46.43 ± 2.67	45.89 ± 6.09	46.76 ± 3.89	0.390	0.707	0.727
GLU (mmol/L)	5.56 ± 0.89	5.84 ± 0.92	5.67 ± 1.06	6.02 ± 1.37	0.841	0.517	0.209
TC (mmol/L)	4.69 ± 0.79	4.88 ± 1.01	4.72 ± 0.92	4.93 ± 0.9	0.086	0.578	0.711
TG (mmol/L)	1.19 ± 0.68	1.56 ± 1.28	1.37 ± 0.91	1.93 ± 1.24	0.026	0.046	0.325
LDL-c (mmol/L)	2.72 ± 0.66	2.89 ± 0.86	2.83 ± 0.72	2.94 ± 0.75	0.021	0.322	0.992
HDL-c (mmol/L)	1.54 ± 0.3	1.29 ± 0.3	1.46 ± 0.41	1.34 ± 0.26	0.012	0.037	0.483
BUN (mmol/L)	5.19 ± 1.22	5.00± 1.06	5.41 ± 1.34	5.28 ± 1.22	0.055	0.015	0.072
SCr (μmol/L)	62.84 ± 13.06	62.56 ± 13.18	61.13 ± 12.48	62.8 ± 15.2	0.438	0.442	0.908
UA (mmol/L)	271.83 ± 64.94	305.66 ± 72.2	284.49 ± 66.4	311.17 ± 76.53	0.217	0.934	0.659
CAP (dB/m)	197.06 ± 31.91	269.53 ± 2.91	207.21 ± 41.08	292.4 ± 34.4	0.000	0.000	0.077
E (kPa)	5.47 ± 1.98	4.75 ± 5.27	5.86 ± 3.43	6.33 ± 2.06	0.513	0.793	0.038
FLI score	11.38 ± 9.56	26.58 ± 13.11	37.75 ± 21.40	60.88 ± 23.35	0.000	0.036	0.017

P values were obtained using chi-square or Kruskal-Wallis tests between different groups. Means ± SD were calculated for variables with a normal distribution; median and interquartile range are shown for variables with a skewed distribution. BMI: Body mass index; Hb: Hemoglobin; PLT: Platelet; ALT: Alanine amino transferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; AKP: Alkaline phosphatase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; ALB: Albumin; GLU: Glucose; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; LDL-c: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; SCr: Serum creatinine; UA: Urea acid; CAP: Controlled attenuation parameter; FLI: Fatty liver index; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; LNN: Lean non-NAFLD with normal waist circumference; LN: Lean NAFLD with normal waist circumference; ONN: Obese non-NAFLD with normal waist circumference; ON: Obese NAFLD with large waist circumference.