Development and validation of a prediction model for microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Comparison of participant characteristics in the training and validation cohorts

Characteristic	Training cohort (n = 339)	Validation cohort (n = 115)	P value
Median age (IQR), yr	57 (49, 65)	59 (51, 67)	0.141
Gender
Male	284 (83.8)	104 (90.4)	0.080
Female	55 (16.2)	11 (9.6)
Tumor size, cm	4.5 (3.0, 8.0)	4.0 (2.5, 7.0)	0.095
Number of tumors
Single	285 (84.1)	89 (77.4)	0.104
Multiple	54 (15.9)	26 (22.6)
Child-Pugh grade
A	315 (92.9)	104 (90.4)	0.388
B	24 (7.1)	11 (9.6)
Clinical stage
I	241 (71.1)	80 (69.6)	0.727
II	86 (25.4)	29 (25.2)
III	12 (3.5)	6 (5.2)
Etiology
Hepatitis B	253 (74.6)	93 (80.9)	0.175
Non-hepatitis B	86 (25.4)	22 (19.1)
AFP, ng/mL
≤ 20	142 (41.9)	46 (40.0)	0.122
20–40	81 (23.9)	38 (33.0)
≥ 400 L	116 (34.2)	31 (27.0)
WBC, 109/L
≤ 4.0	83 (24.5)	33 (28.7)	0.371
> 4.0	256 (75.5)	82 (71.3)
Neutrophils, 109/L
≤ 3.0	167 (49.3)	65 (56.5)	0.178
> 3.0	172 (50.7)	50 (43.5)
PLT, 109/L
≤ 125	128 (37.8)	44 (38.3)	0.923
> 125	211 (62.2)	71 (61.7)
RDW
≤ 13.0	119 (35.1)	54 (47.0)	0.024
> 13.0	220 (64.9)	61 (53.0)
NLR
≤ 2.0	150 (44.2)	60 (52.2)	0.141
> 2.0	189 (55.8)	55 (47.8)
PLR
≤ 100	166 (49.0)	65 (56.5)	0.161
> 100	173 (51.0)	50 (43.5)
SII
≤ 300	173 (51.0)	66 (57.4)	0.238
> 300	166 (49.0)	49 (42.6)
PT, sec
≤ 13.0	250 (73.7)	92 (80.0)	0.179
> 13.0	89 (26.3)	23 (20.0)
FIB, g/L
≤ 2.0	90 (26.5)	24 (20.9)	0.225
> 2.0	249 (73.5)	91 (79.1)
ALB, g/L
≤ 40	192 (56.6)	50 (43.5)	0.015
> 40	147 (43.4)	65 (56.5)
ALT, U/L
≤ 40	204 (60.2)	77 (67.0)	0.196
> 40	135 (39.8)	38 (33.0)
AST, U/L
≤ 35	160 (47.2)	62 (53.9)	0.213
> 35	179 (52.8)	53 (46.1)
GGT, U/L
≤ 45	120 (35.4)	38 (33.0)	0.647
> 45	219 (64.6)	77 (67.0)
TB, μmol/L
≤ 19	257 (75.8)	85 (73.9)	0.683
> 19	82 (24.2)	30 (26.1)
ALP, g/L
≤ 120	210 (61.9)	71 (61.7)	0.968
> 120	129 (38.1)	44 (38.3)
GLU, mmol/L
≤ 6.1	278 (82.0)	97 (84.3)	0.567
> 6.1	61 (18.0)	18 (15.7)
ALBI grade
1	164 (48.4)	71 (61.7)	0.017
2	171 (50.4)	41 (35.7)
3	4 (1.2)	3 (2.6)
MVI
Absent	182 (53.7)	63 (54.8)	0.839
Present	157 (46.3)	52 (45.2)
Edmondson-Steiner classification
I–II	142 (41.9)	43 (37.4)	0.396
III–IV	197 (58.1)	72 (62.6)

IQR: Interquartile range; AFP: α-fetoprotein; WBC: White blood cells; PLT: Platelets; RDW: Red blood cell distribution width; NLR: Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio; PLR: Platelet–lymphocyte ratio; SII: Systemic immune-inflammation index; PT: Prothrombin time; FIB: Fibrinogen; ALB: Albumin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; GGT: γ-glutamyltransferase; TB: Total bilirubin; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; GLU: Glucose; ALBI: Albumin-bilirubin; MVI: Microvascular invasion.