Gastrointestinal cancer stem cells as targets for innovative immunotherapy

Table 3 Targeting gastrointestinal cancer stem cell by natural killer cells, chimeric antigen receptor expressed on T cells and dendritic cells based vaccines

Targeting approach	Cancer model	Ref.
CIK cells via NKG2D ligands expressed on CSC	Hepatocellular carcinoma	[56]
NK cells via NKG2D ligands expressed on CSC	Pancreatic cancer	[57]
CAR-T for CSC antigen ASB4	Colon cancer	[59]
CAR-T for EGFR and CAR-T for CSC antigen CD133	Cholangiocarcinoma	[60]
CAR-T for CSC antigen CD24	Pancreatic adenocarcinoma	[61]
DC loaded with Panc-1 CSC lysate	Pancreatic cancer	[62]
DC loaded with total mRNA from gastric CSC	Gastric cancer	[63]

CIK: Cytokine-induced killer; CSC: Cancer stem cells; NK: Natural killer; CAR-T: Chimeric antigen receptor expressed on T cells; EGFR: Epithelial growth factor; DC: Dendritic cells.