Effectiveness and safety of a laparoscopic training system combined with modified reconstruction techniques for total laparoscopic distal gastrectomy

Table 1 Patient clinicopathological characteristics

Characteristics	Trainee surgeon	Trainer surgeon	P value
Age in yr
Median	68.5 (37-83)	69.6 (42-90)	0.630
< 80	44 (84.6%)	31 (77.5%)	0.794
≥ 80	8 (15.4%)	9 (22.5%)
Sex
Male	32 (61.5%)	23 (57.5%)	0.830
Female	20 (38.5%)	17 (42.5%)
BMI in kg/m
Median	22.01 (14.98-36.00)	23.11 (18.67-32.56)	0.145
< 25	43 (82.7%)	30 (75.0%)	0.440
≥ 25	9 (17.3%)	10 (25.0%)
ASA
1	20 (38.5%)	13 (32.5%)	0.793
2	29 (55.8%)	24 (60.0%)
3	3 (5.7%)	3 (7.5%)
Previous abdominal surgery
Yes	14 (26.9%)	8 (20%)	0.472
No	38 (73.1%)	32 (80%)
pT
T1	42 (80.8%)	22 (55.0%)	0.004
T2	3 (5.8%)	5 (12.5%)
T3	6 (11.5%)	4 (10%)
T4	1 (1.9%)	9 (22.5%)
pStage
IA	35 (67.3%)	17 (42.5%)	0.017
IB	7 (13.5%)	6 (15%)
IIA	5 (9.6%)	3 (7.5%)
IIB	4 (7.7%)	3 (7.5%)
IIIA	1 (1.9%)	8 (20%)
IIIB	0	1 (2.5%)
IIIC	0	2 (5%)

Data are expressed as the median (range) or number of patients. BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.