Global whole family based-Helicobacter pylori eradication strategy to prevent its related diseases and gastric cancer

Table 2 Common Helicobacter pylori intra-familial transmission routes¹ and their prevention

Common routes	Infection routes	Prevention
1 Oral-oral	Sharing food from same dish, chewing food, feeding, wet kissing, consuming contaminated meat, milk, vegetable, water or food, poor hygiene practice	Avoid using same dish, consume healthy and safe food
2 Shared utensils	Sharing food ware, dental equipment, etc	Clean food ware and using safe dental equipment
3 Fecal-oral	Consuming fecal contaminated water or food, such as well water, untreated water, etc	Consume only safe food and water
4 Outside family	Iatrogenic contamination, intimate contact with H. pylori-infected persons or utensils	Sterilize iatrogenic equipment and avoid intimate contact with H. pylori-infected persons and suspected utensils

¹For common Helicobacter pylori intra-familial transmission routes[14,16-22]. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.