Big-data analysis: A clinical pathway on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for common bile duct stones

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients

Characteristic	Non-pathway group (n = 467)	Cinical pathway group (n = 2196)	P value
Age, yr (median, range)	64 (52-75)	63 (51-75)	0.405
Female, n (%)	235 (50.32)	1093 (49.77)	0.829
Medical insurance, n (%)	217 (46.47)	945 (43.03)	0.174
Health behavior, n (%)
Smoking	57 (12.21)	260 (11.84)	0.825
Alcohol use	36 (7.71)	164 (7.47)	0.858
Comorbidity, n (%)
Hypertension	155 (33.19)	703 (32.01)	0.621
Diabetes	68 (14.56)	292 (13.30)	0.468
COPD	11 (2.36)	54 (2.46)	0.895
Myocardial infarction	0	6 (0.27)	0.258
Cholangitis	74 (15.85)	271 (12.34)	0.041a
Cholecystolithiasis	188 (40.26)	780 (35.52)	0.053
JPD	1 (0.21)	10 (0.46)	0.460
CBD stone number ≥ 5, n (%)	201 (43.04)	1173 (53.42)	< 0.001a
Maximum diameter of stones, cm (median, range)	0.8 (0.6-1.2)	0.9 (0.6-1.2)	0.949
Laboratory test (median, range)
Temperature (°C), n = 359/2113	36.5 (36.3-36.8)	36.5 (36.3-36.8)	0.855
WBC count, n = 370/1451	6.0 (4.7-9.2)	5.7 (4.6-7.6)	0.005a
Direct bilirubin level, n = 363/1439	12.2 (5.6-44.2)	10.7 (4.8-37.2)	0.210
Total bilirubin level, n = 363/1439	22.6 (12.7-57.6)	21.2 (12.5-51.9)	0.628
AST, n = 363/1440	47.9 (22.8-104.5)	45.4 (23.5-104.8)	0.842
GGT, n = 363/1439	257.4 (115.3-492.4)	265.1 (109.9-519.4)	0.918
ALP, n = 363/1439	161.7 (99.9-283.3)	154.9 (97.4-259.3)	0.536
ALT, n = 364/1443	85.1 (29.6-203.2)	89.0 (32.0-206.9)	0.946
Cr, n = 361/1431	62.0 (52.0-74.0)	62.0 (2.0-73.0)	0.966

^aP < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; JPD: Juxtapapillary duodenal diverticulum; CBD stones: Common bile duct stones; WBC: White blood cell; AST: Aspartate transaminase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; Cr: Creatinine.