Contribution of ghrelin to functional gastrointestinal disorders’ pathogenesis

Table 3 GHRL genetic polymorphisms and associations with laboratory/clinical parameters related to functional dyspepsia

Ref.	Participants	Genotype	Phenotype	P value
Ando et al[62]	Healthy (n = 264)	Leu72Met, AA+CA compared to CC	Higher acyl-ghrelin plasma levels	0.015a
		3056T C, CC+TC compared to TT	Higher acyl-ghrelin plasma levels	0.021a
Futagami et al[63]	FD (n = 74)/PDS (n = 51)/EPS (n = 23)/Controls	3056TC, TC+CC compared to TT	Higher acyl-ghrelin plasma levels	0.025a
		Leu72Met, CA+AA compared to CC	Higher acyl-ghrelin plasma levels	0.347
Yamawaki et al[64]	FD (n = 74)	Leu72Met, GG compared to GT+TT	Early phase of gastric emptying, 10 minutes after meal	0.038a
	FD (n = 74)	Leu72Met, GT+TT compared to GG	Higher SRQ-D scores (GT+TT compared to GG genotype)	0.0097a
	Controls (n = 64)	Leu72Met, GG compared to GT+TT	Early phase of gastric emptying, 10 minutes after meal	> 0.05

^aStatistical significance. FD: Functional dyspepsia; PDS: Postprandial distress syndrome; SRQ-D: Self-rating Questionnaire for Depression Score (an index of depression severity).