Influence of bile contamination for patients who undergo pancreaticoduodenectomy after biliary drainage

Table 2 Association of preoperative biliary drainage and bile contamination with immediate outcome after pancreaticoduodenectomy, n (%)

	Preoperative biliary drainage		P value	Bile contamination		P value
	Yes (n = 1964)	No (n = 2137)		Yes (n = 606)	No (n = 2130)
Demographics
Age (yr), median	69	68	< 0.0001	69	68	0.0004
Sex ratio (M:F)	1.81:1	1.34:1	< 0.0001	2.11:1	1.56:1	0.0012
Duration of hospital stay (d), median	29	29	0.29	29	31	0.11
Readmission	64 (3.3)	84 (3.9)	0.25	19 (3.1)	91 (4.3)	0.33
In-hospital death	42 (2.1)	34 (1.6)	0.21	8 (1.3)	46 (2.2)	0.19
Operative variables
Estimated blood loss (g), median	855	643	< 0.0001	875	759	0.053
Duration of surgery (min), median	487	461	< 0.0001	497	483	0.0005
Postoperative complications
Overall complications	1084 (55.2)	1114 (52.1)	0.049	356 (58.7)	1130 (53.1)	0.0014
Infectious complications	744 (37.9)	714 (33.4)	0.003	257 (42.4)	746 (35.0)	0.0003
Severe complications (grade III or more)	340 (17.3)	316 (14.8)	0.036	110 (18.2)	321 (15.0)	0.039
POPF (all)	739 (37.6)	809 (37.9)	0.42	246 (40.6)	773 (36.3)	0.06
Delayed gastric emptying	111 (5.7)	144 (6.7)	0.18	40 (6.6)	143 (6.7)	0.42
Intra-abdominal bleeding	67 (3.4)	57 (2.7)	0.16	18 (3.0)	61 (2.9)	0.78
Details of infectious complication
POPF (ISGPF grade B or C)	444 (22.6)	438 (20.5)	0.13	154 (25.4)	432 (20.3)	0.003
Wound infection	320 (16.3)	216 (10.3)	< 0.0001	93 (15.3)	263 (12.3)	0.045
Intra-abdominal abscess	289 (14.7)	295 (14.0)	0.53	94 (15.5)	293 (13.8)	0.23
Cholangitis	79 (4.1)	95 (4.5)	0.45	24 (4.0)	105 (4.9)	0.35
Pneumonia	61 (3.1)	61 (2.9)	0.7	21 (3.5)	66 (3.1)	0.62
Liver abscess	21 (1.1)	24 (1.2)	0.83	9 (1.5)	19 (0.9)	0.21
Sepsis	86 (4.5)	86 (4.2)	0.66	30 (5.0)	83 (3.9)	0.24
Pseudomembranous enteritis	31 (1.6)	30 (1.4)	0.68	13 (2.1)	27 (1.3)	0.12
Catheter infection	91 (4.7)	115 (5.5)	0.24	41 (6.8)	98 (4.6)	0.029
Fungaemia	28 (1.5)	28 (1.4)	0.8	8 (1.3)	25 (1.2)	0.75

The variables were identical to those of the American College of Surgeons–National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. POPF: Postoperative pancreatic fistula; ISGPF: Influencing postoperative pancreatic fistula.