Overlay of a sponge soaked with ropivacaine and multisite infiltration analgesia result in faster recovery after laparoscopic hepatectomy

Table 2 Visual analog scale scores for pain at rest and pain on movement, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate during the first 48 h after surgery

Characteristic	0 h	6 h	12 h	24 h	48 h1
VAS at rest
Ropivacaine group	1.94 ± 0.539	1.86 ± 0.493	1.77 ± 0.458	1.54 ± 0.502	1.49 ± 0.504
Control group	1.49 ± 0.504	2.15 ± 0.557	2.03 ± 0.550	1.63 ± 0.487	1.54 ± 0.502
t	-3.155	-3.362	-3.019	-1.068	-0.516
P-value	0.0020	0.0014	0.0030	0.2876	0.6064
95%CI	[-0.523, -0.136]	[-0.478, -0.126]	[-0.461, -0.117]	[-0.258, 0.074]	[-0.233, 0.104]
VAS on movement
Ropivacaine group	2.55 ± 0.631	2.74 ± 0.610	2.65 ± 0.614	2.42 ± 0.579	1.75 ± 0.604
Control group	3.27 ± 0.687	3.70 ± 0.739	3.51 ± 0.660	3.06 ± 0.574	1.97 ± 0.521
t	-6.349	-8.691	-7.991	-6.021	-1.903
P-value	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.0271
95%CI	[-0.942, -0.494]	[-1.192, -0.733]	[-1.071, -0.639]	[-0.835, -0.444]	[-0.408, -0.025]
MAP (mmHg)
Ropivacaine group	90.81 ± 8.432	86.00 ± 8.070	86.07 ± 7.930	87.61 ± 8.037	86.17 ± 9.160
Control group	88.78 ± 8.348	90.54 ± 8.412	89.15 ± 8.504	89.24 ± 9.160	86.28 ± 7.792
t	1.414	-3.210	-2.183	-1.104	-0.075
P-value	0.1596	0.0017	0.0308	0.2716	0.9402
95%CI	[-0.811, 4.882]	[-7.333, -1.742]	[-5.864, -0.289]	[-4.550, 1.290]	[-2.998, 2.779]
HR (bpm)
Ropivacaine group	93.36 ± 4.706	91.57 ± 5.377	91.58 ± 4.120	92.60 ± 5.592	92.63 ± 5.696
Control group	94.42 ± 5.326	93.25 ± 4.427	93.46 ± 5.925	92.81 ± 6.079	92.83 ± 5.828
t	-1.231	-1.991	-2.155	-0.214	-0.202
P-value	0.2204	0.0486	0.0331	0.8308	0.8406
95%CI	[-2.768, 0.644]	[-3.348, -0.011]	[-3.617, -0.146]	[-2.197, 1.768]	[-2.154, 1.756]
Cumulative sufentanil (µg)
Ropivacaine group	0	13.66 ± 2.437	27.91 ± 4.176	55.60 ± 6.117	81.66 ± 7.729
Control group	0	15.43 ± 3.273	30.93 ± 6.414	61.45 ± 5.405	88.89 ± 7.937
t		-3.579	-3.242	-5.897	-5.386
P-value		0.0005	0.0016	<0.0001	<0.0001
95%CI		[-2.744, -0.791]	[-4.863, -1.174]	[-7.803, -3.884]	[-9.891, -4.578]

¹The time point with cumulative sufentanil is 36 h. CI: Confidence interval; VAS: Visual analog scale; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; HR: Heart rate.