Systemic inflammation in colorectal cancer: Underlying factors, effects, and prognostic significance

Table 4 Examples of inflammatory mediators reported to be expressed by colorectal cancer associated fibroblasts

Inflammatory mediator	Function	Detection method	Samples	Ref.
IL6	Proinflammatory cytokine	IF	FFPE CRC specimens	Nagasaki et al[29]
IL6	Proinflammatory cytokine	LC-MS/MS	Cell culture (human cancer associated fibroblasts)	De Boeck et al[63]
IL6	Proinflammatory cytokine	ELISA	CAFs isolated from human CRC tissue	Zhang et al[187]
IL8	Proinflammatory cytokine	ELISA	CAFs isolated from human CRC tissue	Zhang et al[187]
IL11	Anti-inflammatory cytokine	qRT-PCR	CAFs isolated from human CRC tissue	Calon et al[188]
TGFB	Immunosuppression, inhibition of cytotoxic T cells and Th1 cells	IHC, WB	Cell culture (CRC cells, fibroblasts)	Hawingkels et al[68]
CXCL5	Recruitment of neutrophils	IHC, in situ hybridization	FFPE CRC specimens	Li et al[189]
CXCL8	Recruitment of neutrophils	LC-MS/MS	Cell culture (human cancer associated fibroblasts)	De Boeck et al[63]
CCL5	Recruitment of T cells	LC-MS/MS	Cell culture (human cancer associated fibroblasts)	De Boeck et al[63]
MMP1	ECM degradation	LC-MS/MS	Cell culture (human cancer associated fibroblasts)	De Boeck et al[63]
MMP2	ECM degradation	LC-MS/MS	Cell culture (human cancer associated fibroblasts)	De Boeck et al[63]
MMP3	ECM degradation	LC-MS/MS	Cell culture (human cancer associated fibroblasts)	De Boeck et al[63]
MMP9	ECM degradation	LC-MS/MS	Cell culture (human cancer associated fibroblasts)	De Boeck et al[63]
TIMP1	Inhibition of MMPs	LC-MS/MS	Cell culture (human cancer associated fibroblasts)	De Boeck et al[63]
TIMP1	Inhibition of MMPs	IHC, in situ hybridization	FFPE CRC specimens	Joo et al[190]
TIMP2	Inhibition of MMPs	LC-MS/MS	Cell culture (human cancer associated fibroblasts)	De Boeck et al[63]
TIMP2	Inhibition of MMPs	IHC, in situ hybridization	FFPE CRC specimens	Joo et al[190]
VEGFA	Angiogenesis	LC-MS/MS	Cell culture (human cancer associated fibroblasts)	De Boeck et al[63]

CRC: Colorectal cancer; ECM: Extracellular matrix; FFPE: Formalin fixed paraffin embedded; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; IF: Immunofluorescence; LC-MS/MS: Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; RT-PCR: Real-time polymerase chain reaction; WB: Western blot.