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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2019.
World J Gastroenterol. Aug 14, 2019; 25(30): 4181-4198
Published online Aug 14, 2019. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i30.4181
Table 1 Nutritional supplements tested in dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis (all studies refer to mice unless otherwise stated)
ProductActive compoundEffects on barrier function and mechanismRef.
Long chain fatty acid10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid (HYA)Preserves stability and expression of occludin and ZO-1 Decreases acute inflammation induced by TNF-α and increases expression of GPR40 HYA decreases expression of TNFR2 by GPR40-MEK-ERK signaling pathway[40]
Short chain fatty acidPropionateStabilizes intercellular junctions and avoid down-regulation of ZO-1, occludin and E-cadherin Reduces acute inflammation Inhibits production of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α Reduces neutrophil recruitment Inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation[41]
TerpenoidOleanolic acidStabilizes intercellular junctions and avoid down-regulation of ZO-1, occludin and E-cadherin Modulates inflammatory response suppressing Th17 cell differentiation Promotes expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 Inhibits activation of NF-κB and IL-17 expression[42]
Scavenger enzymesNAC/L-NAMEProtects against disruption of intercellular junctions Decreases oxidative stress mediated by intracellular calcium. Decreases activation of JNK and c-Src preventing ZO-1 phosphorylation[19,20]
PeptidesChromofunginPrevents down-regulation of claudin-1, ZO-1 and Ecadherin Decreases acute inflammation Decreases expression of IL-18 Increases expression of IL-10 Promotes IL-10, Arg1, Fizz1, and Ym1 expression, and the release of IL-10 Promotes arginase activity probably through p38 MAP kinase or STAT1[43]
CatestinMaintains expression of claudin-1, ZO-1 and occludin Protects against inflammation induced by DSS Decreases expression of IL-8 and IL-18 Decreases activation of STAT-3 signaling pathway[45]
Substance PMaintains expression of ZO-1 and E-cadherin Reduces inflammation and damage induces by DSS Decreased apoptosis and inflammation via Neurokinin-1 receptor[46]
Porcine β-defensin 2Decreases paracellular flux Preserves expression of ZO-1, ZO-2 and claudin-1. Decreases production of NO synthetase and COX-2 Decreases expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 Reduces apoptosis and neutrophil infiltration Inhibits the activation of NF-κB[47]
8-kDa antrum mucosal proteinStrengthens the formation of intercellular barrier by promoting the assembly of ZO-1, ZO-2 and JAM-A Ameliorates UC symptoms Promotes the phosphorylation PKCζ and recruitment of the Par6/Cdc42∙GTP/ECT2/Par3 complex[48,49]
Vitamin D1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]Restores epithelial barrier function and expression of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1 Modulates inflammation turning M1 into M2 macrophage responses Reduces the expression of TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-1β[34,37,38]
CorabionVitamin C, vitamin E, L-argininePreserves ZO-1 and E-cadherin expression Decreases inflammation Reduces production of IL-1, IL-6, INF-γ and KC[39]
Compatible solutesEctoine, HomoectoineDecreases Evans blue permeability Increases expression of ZO-1 and occludin Prevents claudin-1 to claudin-2 switch Decreases ROS production[50]
ExopolysaccharidesStreptococcus thermophilus MN-BM-A01Increases expression of claudin-1 and occludin[51]
Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002Increases expression of ZO-1, occludin, claudin-4 and Hsp27[52]
Lucilia sericata larvaeMaggot proteinUpregulation of MUC2 gene Increases expression of ZO-1 and occludin[53]
Periplaneta americanaEthanol extractIncreases expression of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1[54]
Donkey milkLysozymeIncreases expression of ZO-1 and occludin Decreases expression of claudin-2[55]
NaringeninPolyphenolDecreases FITC-Dextran permeability Decreases LPS-binding protein levels in plasma Increases expression of occludin, JAM-A and claudin-3 Normalizes the colonic localization of occludin and claudin-3 proteins[56]
NaringinFlavonoidIncreases expression of ZO-1 Decreases NF-ĸB signaling pathway Regulation of PPARγ activation Inhibition of the MAPK activation Suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activity[57]
Red raspberriesPolyphenolIncreases mRNA expression of MUC2 Reduces pore forming TJ protein claudin-2 Increases ZO-1 and claudin-3 proteins Decreases NF-ĸB p65 phosphorylation Activates AMPK[58]
PhlorentinFlavonoidIncreases the expression of ZO-1 and occludin Inhibition of serum LPS levels Inhibits oxidative stress Decreases TLR4 expression Increases PPARγ expression Decreases NLRP3 inflammasome pathway (NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1 and IL-1β protein expression) Suppression of NF-ĸB activation[59]
FormomentinIsoflavoneIncreases ZO-1, claudin-1 and occludin protein expression Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway (NLRP3, IL-1β and ASC protein expression)[60]
Phellinus igniarius fruiting bodyPolyphenols and polysaccharidesIncreases mRNA levels of ZO-1 protein Decreases LPS plasma levels Inhibition of NF-ĸB pathway Decreases the transcription of ASC3 and caspase-1 pathway[63]
Barley and soybean mixtureIsoflavone β-glucanIncreases ZO-1, claudin-1 and occludin protein expression and improves their localization Reduces FITC-Dextran serum levels Prevents bacterial translocation into the MLNs Anti-inflammatory activity[64]
Evodia rutaecarpaAlkaloid extract (Evodiamine)Increases ZO-1, occludin and MUC2 expression Decreases plasmatic levels of LPS Decreases NF-ĸB signaling pathway Down-regulation of NRLP3, ASC, caspase-1 and IL-1β protein expression[65]
Salvia miltorrhiza BungeWater-soluble-phenolic acidIncreases ZO-1 and occludin expression in rat colons[66]
Magnolia officianalisMagnololIncreases ZO-1 and occludin protein expression Decreases NF-ĸB signaling pathway and regulation of PPAR-γ expression[67]
Artemisia argy and Artemisia asiaticaEthanol extract. Flavonoid (Eupatilin)Increases occludin and ZO-1 protein expression Decreases NOX4 protein expression Down-regulation of NF-ĸB/MAPK signaling pathway Increases AMPK activation[68]
QingBai DecoctionDecreases FITC-Dextran permeability Increases MUC2, ZO-1, claudin-1 and occludin protein expression Increases the number of Ki67 positive cells Decreases active caspase-3 expression Inhibits Notch and NF-ĸB signaling pathway[70]
Zanthoxylum bungeanumEssencial oil (Terpinen-4-ol)Increases ZO-1 and occludin protein expression Decreases NF-ĸB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation[71]
Alnus japonica SteudEthanol extract.Increases of ZO-1 and occludin expression Increases HO-1 expression[75]
Pogostemon cablin BenthAqueous extract: Patchouli alcoholIncreases expression of MUC1, MUC2, claudin-1, occludin, ZO-1 and ZO-2 Down-regulation of apoptosis Suppresses tryptophan catabolism[76]
Rhizoma CoptidisBerberine BerberrubineUpregulates gene expression of MUC1 and MUC2 Increases ZO-1, ZO-2, claudin-1 and occludin protein expression Decreases the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio[77]
Moringa oleiferaFlavonoids, phenolic acids and glucosinolatesIncreases expression of ZO-1 and claudin-1 Upregulates GSTP1 and Nrf2-mediated phase II detoxifying enzyme[78]
Wasabia japonicaGlucosinolates, isothiocyanate.Increases MUC2 and ZO-1 expression Regulation of ERK pathway[79]
Acer palmatum ThumbEthanol extract (KIOM-2015E)Increases ZO-1 and occludin expression[80]
Guar gumGalactomannanUpregulates ZO-1, occludin, JAM-A, claudin-3, -4 and -7 protein expression Decreases plasmatic levels of LBP[83]