Roles of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1 in digestive system physiology and pathophysiology

Figure 3 The effects of NCX1 positive mode in the digestive system. Under normal circumstances, NCX1 adopts the positive mode in esophageal smooth muscle and gastric smooth muscle, excreting Ca²⁺ from the cells, reducing intracalcium concentration and inducing smooth muscle relaxation. In the jejunum, vitamin D and 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ can enhance the expression and activity of NCX1 to increase the excretion of Ca²⁺. NCX1 mainly adopts the forward control mode in ischemic-reperfusion injury. Trisulfated disaccharide (TD) can transport excess intracellular Ca²⁺ out of the cell by activating NCX1.