Biomarkers and subtypes of deranged lipid metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Figure 3 Schematic representation of one carbon metabolism. One carbon metabolism involves multiple physiological processes in which one carbon units circulate from different nutritional and amino acids inputs (choline, betaine, folic acid, glucose, methionine, serine, glycine and threonine), mediated by S-adenosylmethionine and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and are converted into a wide variety of outputs, such as the methylation of phospholipids, protein and DNA, and the synthesis of glutathione, polyamines, nucleotides, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. CH₂-THF: Methylene tetrahydrofolate; Gly: Glycine; GSH: Glutathione; Hcy: Homocysteine; Met: Methionine; MTHF: 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate; NAPDH: Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; SAH: S-denosylhomocysteine; SAMe: S-adenosylmethionine; Ser: Serine; THF: Tetrahydrofolate; Thr: Threonine.