Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of gastrointestinal angiodysplasias: A critical review and view points

Table 2 Stratification of small bowel angiodysplasias based on endoscopic characteristics by video capsule endoscopy or device-assisted enteroscopy, clinical manifestations, bleeding causality and hemorrhagic recurrence probability (García-Compeán D et al)

Type	Endoscopic characteristics	Bleeding causality	Clinical manifestations	Bleeding recurrence probability
Type 1	Punctuated or patchy lesions with non-pulsatile active bleeding	Certain	Overt bleeding; high frequency of hemodynamic instability	Very high, without hemostatic treatment
Type 2	Non-actively bleeding lesion; stigmata of hemorrhage (ulcer, adherent clot, digested blood debris)	High	Frequently overt bleeding; lower frequency of hemodynamic instability than Type 1 lesions	Highly likely
Type 3	Bright red spots; typical images	Moderate or mild	Overt or occult bleeding; low or null frequency of hemodynamic instability Iron deficiency anemia	Moderate rate; frequently IDA is dependent on iron supplements or blood transfusion
Type 4	Pale red spots	Low or null	Generally occult bleeding Chronic IDA; extra digestive cause of bleeding should be ruled out	When other sources of bleeding have been excluded, re-bleeding is low

IDA: Iron deficient anemia.