Diversity of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 mechanisms of action against intestinal infections

Figure 4 The protective mechanisms against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (enteropathogenic coli, enterohaemorrhagic coli and Citrobacter rodentium). They include an effect on the mucosa with Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 inhibiting the pathways involved in opening tight junctions (phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase), inhibition of activation pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-κB that are involved in the synthesis of Interleukin 8, and finally a direct effect of S. boulardii CNCM I-745 on bacteria (dephosphorylation of lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli and modification of the expression of pathogenicity factors of Citrobacter rodentium). EHEC: Enterohaemorrhagic coli; EPEC: Enteropathogenic coli; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MLCK: Myosin light chain kinase; P-MLC: Phosphorylation of myosin light chain; IL-8: Interleukin 8; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α Sb: Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745.